Chapter 1 study guide

1. Anatomy Bowl Prep Intro Structure & Function of the Body by Lisa Sappenfield Chapter 1 study guide Know and understand these terms.

2. Structural Levels of Organization(define and understand) • Atoms • The smallest particle of a pure substance that still has the chemical properties of that substance; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons • Molecules • Particle of mater composed of one of more smaller units called atoms • Cell • The basic biological and structural unit of the body consisting of a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm and enclosed by a membrane

3. Tissue • A group of similar cells that perform a common function • Organ • Group of special tissues that performs a special function • Systems • A group of organs arranged so that the group can perform a more complex function than any one organ can perform alone • Body • Unified and complex assembly of structurally and functionally interactive components

4. Anatomical Position and Direction • Supine & Prone • Supine means that the body is facing upward • Prone means that the body is facing downward • Superior & Inferior • Superior means towards the head • Inferior means below or towards the feet • Anterior & Posterior • Anterior means front or in front of • Posterior means back or in the back of

5. Medial & Lateral • Medial means towards the midline of the body • Lateral means away from the midline of the body • Proximal & Distal • Proximal means closest to the trunk of the body • Distal means farthest away from the trunk of the body • Superficial & Deep • Superficial means nearer to the surface • Deep means farther away from the surface

6. Planes or Body Sections

7. Sagittal plane • Lengthwise plane that divides a structure into right and left sections • Midsagittal plane • Sagittal plane that divides the body into two equal halves • Frontal plane • Lengthwise plane that divides a structure into an anterior and posterior section • Transverse plane • Horizontal plane that divides a structure into upper and lower sections

8. Body Cavities and Regions

9. Ventral cavity • Thoracic • Mediastinum • midportion of thoracic cavity; heart, trachea located here • Pleural cavities • right and left lungs located here • Abdominopelvic cavity • Abdominal cavity contains stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and most of the large intestine • Pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and the remaining large intestine including the rectum • Dorsal cavity • Cranial cavity contains brain • Spinal cavity contains spinal cord

10. Descriptive Terms for Body Regions

11. Balance of Body Functions(understand these terms) • Homeostasis • Maintaining internal stability • Survival depends on homeostasis • Feedback Loops • Positive-stimulatory • Example: Increasingly rapid sticking together of blood cells called platelets to form a plug that brings formation of a blood clot. (The process increases rapidly until the positive feedback loop is stopped by formation of a clot) • Negative-oppose or negate a change in the controlled condition • Example: excretion of larger than usual volumes of urine when the volume of fluid in the body is greater than the normal, ideal amount.

12. The End