Standard Addressed: 11.7 Students analyze America’s participation in World War II.

1. Standard Addressed: 11.7 Students analyze America’s participation in World War II. Lesson Objectives: Section 2 - The War for Europe and North Africa • 1. Summarize the Allies’ plan for winning the war. • 2. Identify events in the war in Europe. • 3. Describe the liberation of Europe.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

3. THE UNITED STATES IN WORLD WAR II Allied forces, led by the United States and Great Britain, battle Axis powers for control of Europe and North Africa.

4. SECTION 2 The War for Europe and North Africa The United States and Britain Join Forces • War Plans • Churchill convinces FDR to strike first against Hitler NEXT

5. SECTION 2: THE WAR FOR EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA • Days after Pearl Harbor, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill arrived at the White House and spent three weeks working out war plans with FDR • They decided to focus on defeating Hitler first and then turn their attention to Japan

6. SECTION 2 The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean • The Battle of Stalingrad • Hitler wants to capture Caucasus oil fields and destroy Stalingrad • Soviets defeat Germans in bitter winter campaign • - Over 230,000 Germans, 1,100,000 Soviets die • Battle a turning point: Soviet army begins to move towards Germany Continued . . . NEXT

7. Operation Barbarossa was the code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, commencing on 22 June 1941.

9. 1 8 8 7 5 Montgomery Clark 15th Army Grp Alexander Eastern Task Force Center Task Force 1th Abn Div Western Task Force Montgomery Patton 15th Army Grp Alexander

10. 15 2 8 8 1 5 21th Army Grp Montgomery 15th Army Grp Alexander Montgomery Clark 15th Army Grp Alexander

11. 15 1 2 2 8 1 9 9 8 1 1 3 7 5 21th Army Grp Montgomery 21th Army Grp Montgomery 12th Army Grp Bradley 12th Army Grp Bradley 6th Army Grp Devers 15th Army Grp Alexander 15th Army Grp Clark

12. 15 9 1 1 2 8 1 1 9 8 1 3 7 5 21th Army Grp Montgomery 12th Army Grp Bradley 6th Army Grp Devers 15th Army Grp Clark

14. THE EASTERN FRONT & MEDITERRANEAN • Hitler wanted to wipe out Stalingrad – a major industrial center • In the summer of 1942, the Germans took the offensive in the southern Soviet Union • By the winter of 1943, the Allies began to see victories on land as well as sea • The first great turning point was the Battle of Stalingrad Battle of Stalingrad was a huge Allied victory

15. BATTLE OF STALINGRAD • For weeks the Germans pressed in on Stalingrad • Then winter set in and the Germans were wearing summer uniforms • The Germans surrendered in January of 1943 • The Soviets lost more than 1 million men in the battle (more than twice the number of deaths the U.S. suffered in all the war) Wounded in the Battle of Stalingrad

16. GUIDED READING:The War for Europe and North Africa

17. SECTION 2 The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean • The North African Front • General Dwight D. Eisenhower commands invasion of North Africa • Afrika Korps, led by General Erwin Rommel, surrenders May 1943 Continued . . . NEXT

18. THE NORTH AFRICAN FRONT • “Operation Torch” – an invasion of Axis -controlled North Africa --was launched by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1942 • Allied troops landed in Casablanca, Oran and the Algiers in Algeria • They sped eastward chasing the Afrika Korps led by German General Edwin Rommel American tanks roll in the deserts of Africa and defeat German and Axis forces

19. Allied troops landed in Casa-blanca, Oran and the Algiers

20. CASABLANCA MEETING • FDR and Churchill met in Casablanca and decided their next moves • 1) Plan amphibious invasions of France and Italy • 2) Only unconditional surrender would be accepted FDR and Churchill in Casablanca

21. GUIDED READING:The War for Europe and North Africa

22. SECTION 2 • The Battle of the Atlantic • Hitler orders submarine attacks against supply ships to Britain • - wolf packs destroy hundreds of ships in 1942 • Allies organize convoys of cargo ships with escort: • - destroyers with sonar; planes with radar • Construction of Liberty ships (cargo carriers) speeds up NEXT

23. THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC After America’s entry into the war, Hitler was determined to prevent foods and war supplies from reaching Britain and the USSR from America’s east coast He ordered submarine raids on U.S. ships on the Atlantic During the first four months of 1942 Germany sank 87 U.S. ships The power of the German submarines was great, and in two months' time almost two million tons of Allied ships were resting on the ocean floor. Efforts were soon made to restrict German subs' activities.

25. ALLIES CONTROL U-BOATS In the first seven months of 1942, German U-boats sank 681 Allied ships in the Atlantic Something had to be done or the war at sea would be lost First, Allies used convoys of ships & airplanes to transport supplies Destroyers used sonar to track U-boats Airplanes were used to track the U-boats ocean surfaces With this improved tracking, Allies inflicted huge losses on German U-boats U-426 sinks after attack from the air, January 1944. Almost two-thirds of all U-boat sailors died during the Battle of the Atlantic.

27. GUIDED READING:The War for Europe and North Africa

28. SECTION 2 continuedThe Eastern Front and the Mediterranean • The Italian Campaign • Allies decide will accept only unconditional surrender from Axis • Summer 1943, capture Sicily; Mussolini forced to resign • 1944 Allies win “Bloody Anzio”; Germans continue strong resistance NEXT

29. ITALIAN CAMPAIGN – ANOTHER ALLIED VICTORY • The Italian Campaign got off to a good start as the Allies easily took Sicily • At that point King Emmanuel III stripped Mussolini of his power and had him arrested • However, Hitler’s forces continued to resist the Allies in Italy • Heated battles ensued and it wasn’t until 1945 that Italy was secured by the Allies

30. SECTION 2 continuedThe Eastern Front and the Mediterranean • Heroes in Combat • African Americans —Tuskegee Airmen, Buffaloes—highly decorated • Mexican-American soldiers win many awards • Japanese-American unit most decorated unit in U.S. history NEXT

31. TUSKEGEE AIRMEN • Among the brave men who fought in Italy were pilots of the all-black 99th squadron – the Tuskegee Airmen • The pilots made numerous effective strikes against Germany and won two distinguished Unit Citations

32. On May 31, 1943, the 99th Squadron, the first group of African-American pilots trained at the Tuskegee Institute, arrived in North Africa

33. SECTION 2 The Allies Liberate Europe • D-Day • Allies set up phantom army, send fake radio messages to fool Germans • Eisenhower directs Allied invasion of Normandy on D-Day June 6, 1944 • The Allies Gain Ground • General Omar Bradley bombs to create gap in enemy defense line • General George Patton leads Third Army, reach Paris in August • FDR reelected for 4th term with running mate Harry S. Truman Continued . . . NEXT

35. ALLIES LIBERATE EUROPE Allies sent fake coded messages indicating they would attack here • Even as the Allies were battling for Italy, they began plans on a dramatic invasion of France • It was known as “Operation Overlord” and the commander was American General Dwight D. Eisenhower • Also called “D-Day,” the operation involved 3 million U.S. & British troops and was set for June 6, 1944

36. D-DAY JUNE 6, 1944 • D-Day was the largest land-sea-air operation in military history • Despite air support, German retaliation was brutal – especially at Omaha Beach • Within a month, the Allies had landed 1 million troops, 567,000 tons of supplies and 170,000 vehicles D-Day was an amphibious landing – soldiers going from sea to land

37. OMAHA BEACH 6/6/44

38. Landing at Normandy

39. Planes drop paratroopers behind enemy lines at Normandy, France

40. Losses were extremely heavy on D-Day

41. GUIDED READING:The War for Europe and North Africa

42. SECTION 2 continuedThe Allies Liberate Europe • Liberation of the Death Camps • Allies in Germany, Soviets in Poland liberate concentration camps • - find starving prisoners, corpses, evidence of killing Continued . . . NEXT

43. LIBERATION OF DEATH CAMPS While the British and Americans moved westward into Germany, the Soviets moved eastward into German-controlled Poland The Soviets discovered many death camps that the Germans had set up within Poland The Americans also liberated Nazi death camps within Germany

47. GUIDED READING:The War for Europe and North Africa

48. FRANCE FREED • By September 1944, the Allies had freed France, Belgium and Luxembourg • That good news – and the American’s people’s desire not to “change horses in midstream” – helped elect FDR to an unprecedented 4th term General George Patton (right) was instrumental in Allies freeing France

49. GUIDED READING:The War for Europe and North Africa

50. SECTION 2 continuedThe Allies Liberate Europe • The Battle of the Bulge • October 1944, Allies capture first German town, Aachen • December German tank divisions drive 60 miles into Allied area • • Battle of the Bulge—Germans push back but have irreplaceable losses Continued . . . NEXT