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Principles of Vaccination

Note to presenter: The National Immunization Program can provide a videotape with animated sequences illustrating the biology of active and passive immunity and vaccination with live and inactivated vaccines. Contact us by Email at <nipinfo@cdc.gov> if you with to obtain a copy of this tape.

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Principles of Vaccination

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  1. Note to presenter:The National Immunization Program can provide a videotape with animated sequences illustrating the biology of active and passive immunity and vaccination with live and inactivated vaccines. Contact us by Email at <nipinfo@cdc.gov> if you with to obtain a copy of this tape.

  2. Principles of Vaccination Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases National Immunization Program Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Revised March 2002

  3. Principles of Vaccination Immunity • Self vs. non-self • Protection from infectious disease • Usually indicated by the presence of antibody • Very specific to a single antigen

  4. Principles of Vaccination Active Immunity • Protection produced by the person's own immune system • Usually permanent • Protection transferred from another person or animal as antibody Passive Immunity A2

  5. Principles of Vaccination • A live or inactivated substance (e.g., protein, polysaccharide) capable of producing an immune response • Protein molecules (immunoglobulin) produced by B lymphocytes to help eliminate an antigen Antigen Antibody

  6. Passive Immunity • Transfer of antibody from an exogenous source • Transplacental most important source in infancy • Temporary protection

  7. Sources of Passive Immunity • Almost all blood or blood products • Homologous pooled human antibody (immune globulin) • Homologous human hyperimmune globulin • Heterologous hyperimmune serum (antitoxin)

  8. Antibody for Prevention of RSV • RSV-IGIV • Human hyperimmune globulin • Contains other antibodies • Palivizumab (Synagis) • Monoclonal • Contains only RSV antibody

  9. Vaccination • Active immunity produced by vaccine • Immunity and immunologic memory similar to natural infection but without risk of disease

  10. Classification of Vaccines • Live attenuated • viral • bacterial • Inactivated

  11. Inactivated Vaccines Whole • virus • bacteria • protein-based • subunit • toxoid • polysaccharide-based • pure • conjugate Fractional

  12. Principles of Vaccination General Rule The more similar a vaccine is to the natural disease, the better the immune response to the vaccine.

  13. Live Attenuated Vaccines • Attenuated (weakened) form of the "wild" virus or bacteria • Must replicate to be effective • Immune response similar to natural infection • Usually effective with one dose

  14. Live Attenuated Vaccines • Severe reactions possible • Interference from circulating antibody • Unstable

  15. Live Attenuated Vaccines • Viral measles, mumps, rubella, vaccinia, varicella, yellow fever (oral polio) (rotavirus) (influenza) • Bacterial BCG, oral typhoid Vaccines in (parenthesis) are not available in the United States.

  16. Inactivated Vaccines • Cannot replicate • Minimal interference from circulating antibody • Generally not as effective as live vaccines • Generally require 3-5 doses • Immune response mostly humoral • Antibody titer falls over time

  17. Inactivated Vaccines • Viral polio, hepatitis A, rabies (influenza) • Bacterial (pertussis) (typhoid) (cholera) (plague) Whole cell vaccines Vaccines in (parenthesis) are not available in the United States.

  18. Inactivated Vaccines • Subunit hepatitis B, influenza, acellular pertussis, typhoid Vi (Lyme) • Toxoid diphtheria, tetanus Fractional vaccines

  19. Polysaccharide Vaccines Pure polysaccharide • pneumococcal • meningococcal • Haemophilus influenzae type b • Haemophilus influenzae type b • pneumococcal Conjugate polysaccharide

  20. Pure Polysaccharide Vaccines • Not consistently immunogenic in children <2 years of age • No booster response • Antibody with less functional activity • Immunogenicity improved by conjugation

  21. National Immunization Program • Hotline 800.232.2522 • Email nipinfo@cdc.gov • Website www.cdc.gov/nip

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