BIOL 1010 Human Anatomy

1. BIOL 1010Human Anatomy Dr. Joel Gluck Email: JGluck@ccri.edu Cell Phone: 401-952-1345

2. Why Study Anatomy? • Communication within the health professions. • In order to understand the pathology of the human body, one must understand the normal. • Learn the interaction between body systems. • Define the significance between structure and function. • It’s Fun. (Personal opinion)

3. Goals of the Course • To provide a common anatomical language • To relate the common language of anatomy to the functional morphology of the human body. • To provide a baseline of knowledge for the study of physiology. • Illustrate the principle that structure and function are related.

4. Why Study Anatomy? • Provides an education rather than training. ie: you can train a monkey to do surgery but the monkey cannot fix a problem when it arises. • Terminology allows clear communication between medical professionals. • Things aren’t always what they appear to be…

6. Some definitions • Morphology -form that structures take on. -Morphology affects function • Structure -a part of the body. Can either be microscopic (small) or macroscopic (large). • Function -refers to physical behavior. What a structure does. -Function is related to structures=Functional Morphology

7. Normal vs. Abnormal -We must understand the normal situation to be able to compare it with and recognize the abnormal. Topographic Anatomy -Structures on the surface of the skin can be used to identify and locate deeper structures, organs, and tissues beneath the skin.

8. Structure defines and restricts function. - certain joints can only move in one direction. For example a hinge joint can only have motion perpendicular to the axis of the joint. The knee joint (hinge) cannot have motion in the lateral direction because that goes against the axis.

9. Laboratory Information • Hands on training. • Bring lab book, an atlas, and information your instructor tells you. • You must supply your own gloves. • Dissection kits will be supplied for you. • DO NOT CUT ANYTHING! This is blunt dissection. • Get a 4 or 5 color pen or a set of colored pencils.

10. YOU MUST PASS BOTH LECTURE AND LAB TO PASS THE COURSE

11. Drugs and Alcohol Don’t Mix

12. ANATOMY • Study of structure. ANA = apart TOMY = to cut

13. Our study of Human Anatomy will look at both, gross and histological anatomy.

14. Anatomical Terminology

15. Anatomical Axes- axes are like skewers which pass through the body. They are used to describe axes about which rotation movements take place - very similar to the pin in a door hinge. The door moves in a plane around an axis - the plane is determined by the orientation of the pin in the hinge.

16. Superior Inferior

17. Anatomical Position • This is a reference position that allows for the use of consistent directional terminology. • All descriptions of location are made from within anatomical position. Subject is facing forward with palms forward, thumbs facing to the sides.

18. Anatomical Position This is the position from which all directions and descriptions are made. The person is standing erect, palms facing anteriorly, feet together and facing forward.

19. Superior TRANSVERSE PLANE Inferior

20. Body Midline EYES Medial SagittalPlane Lateral EARS

22. The Extremities have a different set of terms The arm isDISTAL TO THE TRUNK or MIDLINE OF THE BODY The upper arm isPROXIMAL

23. The eyes are SUPERIOR to the mouth. The mouth is INFERIOR to the eyes.

24. BACK FRONT CORONAL P L A N E The gluteus maximus is POSTERIOR to the umbilicus. The umbilicus is ANTERIOR to the gluteus maximus. IN FRONT OF IN BACK OF Also called VENTRAL Also called DORSAL

26. In four legged animals, the head is ANTERIOR to the tail. In two legged animals, the head is SUPERIOR to the tail. In four legged animals, the region toward the head is CRANIAL. The region toward the tail is CAUDAL.

27. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE What is the relationship? knee to thigh Nipple to belly button Chin to eyes Little toe to big toe

28. SKIN SUPERFICIAL – toward the surface DEEP – away from the surface

29. DIRECTIONAL TERMS FOR MUSCLES ORIGIN – attachment of muscle on a fixed point, closest to midline INSERTION – attachment of muscle that is moveable, farthest from midline. THIGH BONE (FEMUR) LEG BONE

30. Medial vs. Median A median structure is one which is in the median (midline) plane of the body (such as the sternum, the umbilicus and the symphysis pubis). The term medial is a relative term and must be used to compare two structures; one structure being medial or closer to the median plane of the body than the other structure.

31. Hands and Feet: Palmar or Volar means the anterior surface or palm of the hand. Plantar means the inferior surface or sole of the foot. Dorsum of the hand and foot refers to the superior surface of the foot and posterior surface of the hand.

32. Ipsilateral and Contralateral refer to the same or opposite sides of the body, respectively. Ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body, e.g., the right arm and right leg are ipsilateral structures. Contralateral refers to opposite sides of the body; e.g., the right arm and the left arm are contralateral structures.

33. Cardinal Body Planes Cardinal Body Planes

34. Regional Terminology

35. Note the difference between bipeds and quadrupeds. Reference Positions Note the synonomous pairs: Dorsal : posterior Ventral : anterior

36. Oxymoron?

37. Organization of the Human Body • The body is organized from the smallest part to the largest part. • Chemical Level - atoms, molecules - carbohydrates, lipids, fats, proteins, nucleic acids • Cellular Level -simplest structural unit -basic unit of life -smallest unit that can live on its own

38. Tissue Level - a group of cells with common origin, structure, and function. - cells within a tissue all work toward a common goal (i.e.: movement, nutrition, etc.) • Organ Level - a group of tissues that have a common function.

39. Organ System Level - a group of organs with a special function. - Digestive System, Nervous System, etc… • Organismal Level - A group of organ systems that at some point in time is capable of sustaining life. - All organ systems work together in an organism.

40. Human Body Plan • Vertebrates Have Some Common Features • Tube within a tube body plan inner tube – mouth to anus - respiratory organs - digestive organs outer tube – axial skeleton - axial musulature

41. Bilateral Symmetry - left half of the body is a mirror image of the right half. - structures in the median plane are unpaired, but have identical left and right sides.

42. Dorsal hollow nerve cord - develops into the brain and spinal cord. • Notochord - stiff rod just deep to the spinal cord. - present in the embryo, but is replaced by the vertebrae later in development.

43. Segmentation - repeating units of similar structures running along the length of the trunk. - examples include the ribs and intercostal muscles and the vertebral column.

44. Pharyngeal Pouches - pharynx – outpouchings called pouches that correspond to the clefts between the gills of a fish. - present in the embryo only.

45. Body Cavities and Membranes • Dorsal Body Cavity - cranial cavity - vertebral cavity • Ventral Body Cavity - contains the viscera - 2 divisions 1. thoracic cavity a. Pleural cavity b. Mediastinum c. Pericardium 2. abdominal cavity a. Abdomen b. Pelvis • Serous Cavities - 2 layers parietal layer - outer walls of the cavity visceral layer – inner layer covers the visceral organs water between the membranes is a watery fluid

46. The abdomen is divided into four quadrants which are further subdivided into nine regions. Each region is named for its relationship with the umbilicus. Clinically, each region is associated with specific organs.