Luther Starts the Reformation

1. Luther Starts the Reformation Chapter 17 section 3 Pg 428

2. Let’s remember…. • What does reform mean? • To change something that is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory • Why were people losing faith in the church? • Black plague, suffering, etc • What was the attitude of people during the Renaissance period? • Enjoy life • Why did the invention of the printing press lead people to criticize the church and clergy? • They could interpret the bible for themselves

3. Although the Church in Rome dominated religious life in Europe, it had not yet won universal approval • Members of clergy and rulers criticized Church practices • Even though church leaders made important reforms during the Middle Ages, problems still lingered

4. Causes of the Reformation 1.The Renaissance emphasis on the individual challenged church authority- and printing press helped spread that idea 2. Rulers resented the pope’s attempt to control them 3. Northern merchants resented paying church taxes to Rome

5. A new movement for religious reform began in Germany and spread to much of Europe

7. Problems in the Catholic Church • Critics said the leaders were corrupt and that pope’s were spending extravagantly on personal pleasure • Pope Alexander VI publicly admitted to having several children • Many priests and clergy were so poorly educated they could hardly read scripture and prayer • Others broke vows by marrying, gambling or drinking excessively

8. Expect More • People had come to expect higher standards of conduct from church leaders and priests • People like John Wycliffe and Jan Hus had advocated for church reform in the 1400s and Christian humanists like Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More added to the voices of criticism

9. Many people were reading religious works for themselves and developing their own opinions about the church

10. Luther Challenges the Church • Martin Luther was the son of a minor • Became a monk in 1505 after almost being struck by lightening • Taught scripture at University of Saxony • Goal was to be a good Christian- he didn’t intend to start a serious revolution

11. 1517 Luther decided to take a stand against the actions of friar Johann Tetzel • Tetzel was raising money to build St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome • He was selling indulgences- a pardon releasing sinners from performing (penalty) prayers that priests impose for sins • Basically, gave the impression that buying indulgences could get you to heaven

12. 95 Theses • Luther was troubled, and wrote 95 Theses, or formal statements, attacking the “pardon sellers” and posted them on the door of the church castle in Wittenberg • He invited other scholars to debate him

13. Someone copied Luther’s words and took them to a printer • Quickly, Martin’s arguments and name became known all over Germany

14. His actions began the Reformation- a movement for religious reform • It led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope’s authority Protestant churches (stemming from word protest) were just the beginning of many different Christian religions that would branch off, including Lutheran and Presbyterian to name a few

15. Luther Calls for Reform • Luther went beyond criticizing indulgences- wanted full reform of the Church • His teachings were based on 3 things: 1. People could win salvation only by the faith of God (church said “good works” were needed for salvation) 2. Church teachings should be based on words of the Bible- not pope and Church traditions 3. All people with faith were equal and didn’t need priests to interpret the bible for them

16. Response to Luther • Luther surprised how fast his ideas spread and attracted followers • Many had been unhappy with the Church for political and economic reasons • Some saw Luther’s protests as an excuse to get rid of Church control

17. Pope’s Threat • At first, the Church saw Luther as a rebellious monk • Soon the pope realized he was a threat • Luther even suggested Christians drive the pope out by force • 1520, Pope Leo X issued a decree threatening to excommunicate Luther if he didn’t take back his statements • Luther held a bonfire and students cheered as he threw the pope’s decree into the flames • Leo excommunicated Luther

18. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (also the king of Spain) also opposed Luther’s teachings As the Holy Roman Emperor he controlled lands including Germany Summoned Luther to town of Worms to stand trial in 1521 and was told to recant statements Charles V

19. Luther refused and stated: “ I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do otherwise, here I stand, may God help me. Amen.”

20. Luther Stands Trial

21. Edict of Worms • A month after the trial, Charles issued the Edict of Worms, stating Luther an outlaw and heretic, and no one should feed or shelter him, and all his books were burned • The ruler of the German state where Luther lived, disobeyed the emperor • For a year, Prince Fredrick the Wise of Saxony secretly sheltered Luther in his castle • While there, Luther translated the Bible into German

22. The Edict of Worms

23. Luther returned to Wittenberg in 1522 and discovered many of his ideas put into practice • Priests dressed in ordinary clothes and called themselves ministers • Led services in German instead of Latin • Ministers were able to wed

24. The Lutherans • Instead of constantly seeking reforms in the Catholic church, Luther and followers became a separate religious group • Called themselves the Lutherans

25. Peasant Revolt • German peasants excited by talk of reform, demanded an end to serfdom • Bands of angry peasants went through countryside raiding and burning monasteries

26. This horrified Luther who wrote a letter urging German princes to put an end to the revolt 100,000 peasants were massacred Peasants felt betrayed by Luther and rejected his leadership

27. Protestants • Many German princes supported Lutheranism, some for selfish reasons, like to gain independence from Charles V • But German princes who are loyal to the pope signed an agreement to join forces against Luther’s ideas • Princes who supported Luther signed a protest against that agreement • Protesting princes became known as Protestants • This eventually applies to Christians who belong to non-Catholic churches

28. Peace of Augsberg • Charles V went to war against the Protestants and beat them • But he couldn’t force them back into Catholic Church • Charles and German princes met in Augsberg and agreed that religion of each German state could be determined by its own ruler • This agreement was known as the Peace of Augsberg

30. I got 95 Thesis But… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt5AJr0wls0 • http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteachers#p/u/38/rZ3AFZXXX-k Martin Luther

31. Henry VIII • Became king of England • He was a devout Catholic, but political needs tested his religious loyalty • Henry needed a male heir, his father had become king after a civil war and he feared a similar war would happen if he didn’t have a son

32. He and wife Catherine of Aragon had a daughter, Mary- but no woman had ever claimed the English throne Henry’s convinced his wife, 42, is to old to have more children He wanted to divorce her and find a younger wife, but the church law did not allow divorce But, the pope could annul the marriage if there was proof the marriage wasn’t legal in the first place

33. The pope denied Henry’s annulment request because he didn’t want to offend Catherine’s powerful nephew- Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor DENIED

34. Henry’s Solution • Henry decides to solve the problem himself • He called Parliament into session and asked it to pass a set of laws ending the pope’s power in England • This is known as Parliament Reformation

35. Huh? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdE7LyxdTAg

36. In 1533, Henry secretly marries Anne Boleyn, who was just in her 20s Parliament legalized his divorce in 1534 Parliament passed Act of Supremacy, making the English king the head of the church, not the pope Anne Boleyn

37. Soon Henry closed all monasteries, and seized their land • This was about 20% of land in England, so it increased royal power and treasury

38. Anne Boleyn • Henry doesn’t get a son right away • Anne Boleyn has a girl, name her Elizabeth • Henry accuses Anne of cheating on him (with her own brother!) and ordered her to be imprisoned in the tower of London • 2 weeks later she was beheaded

40. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2hg27CVmoY&feature=autoplay&list=PL29BE9742B998319D&lf=results_main&playnext=2 execution

41. Jane Seymour • Within 24 hours of Anne Boleyn’s execution, Henry married Jane Seymour • In 1537, Jane gave Henry a son- prince Edward • Jane died 2 weeks after the birth due to complications during child birth

42. Anne of Cleves • Henry was impressed with the portrait of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein • Henry had a contract drawn up, and married his 4th wife • He was disappointed with her appearance, and was now attracted to another young lady • She was lucky- Henry simply divorced her after 7 months

43. Kathryn Howard • 16 days later, he married Kathryn Howard, Anne Boleyn’s cousin • Henry was 49, and she was 19 • Henry had gained a lot of weight and was in a lot of pain, while she was a free spirit • Less than a year into the marriage, rumors of her infidelity began • She was beheaded and laid to rest near her cousin, Anne Boleyn

44. Katherine Parr • Wife number 6 (and the last one), Katherine Parr married Henry when she was 31 • Their marriage lasted for over 3 years and ended when Henry died in 1547 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fadCAHjN-s

45. After Henry’s death, all 3 children eventually rule creating religious turmoil • Edward became king at age 9 and ruled just 6 years until he died at age 15 from tuberculosis • Edward’s oldest half-sister Mary ruled next

46. Queen Mary • Mary, who was raised in France and a devout catholic restored the catholic church and rule of the pope • She had many Protestants killed, earning her the name “Bloody Mary” • She married Philip II of Spain, however Philip married her for political purposes, not love • Sadly, Mary loved Phillip very much, but never had a child • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAZfX_eFJnE

47. Queen Elizabeth I • After Mary died, half sister Elizabeth takes the throne • She is known as the “virgin queen” because she never married • She returns the kingdom to Protestantism • She sets up a national church like her father • People were required to attend or pay a fine

48. Parliament declared Elizabeth head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church • Elizabeth tried to create a church that moderate Catholics and protestants could enjoy • Priests could marry, but wore the robes and crucifixes that catholic priests wore

49. Family Feud • As Elizabeth restored religious peace in England, she faces a threat of invasion from Philip II, King of Spain….her brother-in-law! • Philip planned to attack England for several reasons, one being Elizabeth supported protestant subjects who rebelled against him

50. The Spanish Armada • In 1588, Philip gathered 130 ships, 8,000 sailors and 19,000 soldiers • On July 29th, his fleet reached the SW coast of England • Elizabeth’s fleet along with the combination of bad weather defeated the Spanish completely