Dark Age or Golden Age: Reevaluating the European Middle Ages through a DBQ Essay

1. Ch 13 European Middle Ages

2. The fall of Rome in the mid 5th century ushered in the middle ages 500-1500 Middle Ages

3. After the collapse of Rome Europe entered a dark age • Trade disrupted • Cities declined • Common language lost • Germanic tribes controlled Europe • People owed loyalty to family and rulers not states or law codes • Large territories were difficult to control Dark Age

4. What is a dark age? What is a golden age? If historians 500 years from now looked at our society what would they call it? Are you sure?

5. We will be writing a short DBQ essay on the following prompt • “Should the early middle ages continue to be presented to high school and college students as a dark age?” • Your essay must include an introduction paragraph which includes a thesis statement • Thesis is an answer to the prompt Mini DBQ

6. Thesis statement – Answers the prompt • If It’s in your thesis it must be in your paper • If It’s not in your thesis it cant be in your paper • Do exactly what the prompt is asking • Avoid “I” statements, just remove them • Make sure pronouns have antecedents • You should use most of the documents • Using your sources • Introduce them (Historian Mike Smith argued…) • Paraphrase and avoid quotes if possible • Citation at the end of the sentence (…was built (doc D) Writing tips

9. The Franks emerged as the dominant Germanic kingdom • King Clovis – Ruled the Franks in the 400s and united Gaul (France) • Converted to Christianity • Charles “The Hammer” Martel expanded Frankish power and defeated a Muslim army at Tours ending Muslim expansion into Europe Franks

10. Carolingians • Pepin III “The Short” – The Pope crowned him king • Conquered parts of Italy and donated Rome to the Pope • Succeeded by his son Charles Carolingians

11. Charlemagne • 768 – 814 C.E. • Spread culture to Europe helping to end dark age • Crowned Emperor of the Romans

12. Government and Education • Charlemagne broke the empire into regions and had the rulers swear fidelity • Created schools for the education of nobles, and brought together monks from all over the Empire • Had a new edition of the Bible created which was easier to read

13. Decline • After Charlemagne's death his descendants were unable to maintain the Empire • His grandsons fought each other for control and ultimately signed the Treaty of Verdun spliting the kingdom • Many Frankish lands were eventually lost to groups such as Magyars, Slavs, and Muslims

15. Peoples living in Scandinavia began raiding Europe due to population constraint Used Longboats to raid inland villages Would loot and pillage and then leave before retaliation Vikings or“Norsemen” settled in manyparts ofN. Europe Vikings

18. After Charlemagne's death large states disappeared in W. Europe Lands were controlled by local lords who exchanged land for service and loyalty Land was distributed in units called fiefs Feudalism

19. Social classes became very important and well defined Social Class

20. Most people lived in communities called manors The lord owned the manor house and all of the land The serfs lived on the land and farmed it for the lord The serfs were obligated to give most the of the produce to the lord Manorialism

21. Manors were self contained and most peasants would not travel more than 20 miles in their lifetimes Life for peasants was extremely tough and most died at a young age

23. What did the King and nobles do with all of those resources? What choices did peasants have in this system? How stable is this system? What role did the church play? Feudalism Activity

24. Knights • The strongest forces in battlesin the middle ages were knights • Used as shock forcesin battle • Knights became the predominant force on the battlefield with the invention of leather saddlesand stirrups • Knights were part of the upper class and therefore could afford good training and weapons

25. Weapons

26. Training • Knights began training at age 7 • At age 14 they became a squire or an assistant to another knight • At age 21 they became a full fledged knight • Knights received large fiefs from their lords which they assign to their peasants • Knights were obligated to fight for their lord in return for the fief

27. Chivalry • Knights followed a code of conduct called Chivalry • Honor • Courage • Bravery • Gentlemanly conduct • Knights were expected to fight for a particular lady

28. The Church • In the Middle Ages the Catholic Church became very organized and powerful and was always a central part of people’s lives • The church had ranks similar to feudalism to organize clergy • Pope • Arch-bishops • Bishops • Priests • Monks

29. Cannon Law • The church was a governing body for all people in religious and political matters • Popes used the threat of excommunication and interdiction to control followers • Excommunication – Banishment from the church (Essentially a sentence to hell) • Interdict – The Church’s refusal of sacraments to a whole town or region (used against kings to make a population side with the church over their king)

30. Conflict between Kings and Popes • With the rise of Church power and the strengthening of monarchies conflicts began to arise • The policy of lay investiture became a major point of contention between popes and worldly rulers • Lay Investiture was the king’s right to appoint bishops in a kingdom • Popes felt it was their right to appoint all Bishops

31. Conflict • Pope Gregory VII banned Lay Investiture • Henry IV Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire asked the Pope to step down • Gregory then excommunicated Henry • Henry asked forgiveness and the matter was briefly settled • This led to the Concordat of Worms in 1122 • It stated that only popes could appoint Bishops but emperors could veto the choice

32. Has there ever been something you believed in so strongly that you were willing to fight for it? Would you be willing to die for a cause? Bell Work

33. Ch 14 The Formation of Western Europe

34. Ch 14 Sec 1 Church Reform and The Crusades

35. In the early 1100s commoners and clergy realized there were many problems in the church • Illiterate or immoral clergy • Simony • Kings using lay investiture • Popes such as Gregory VII and Leo IX enacted reforms • Created laws against simony and immoral behavior • Created the Papal Curia • Reformed the papacy to resemble a kingdom Church Reform

36. During the early 1000s Gothic architecture emerged and many magnificent churches were built These cathedrals could take hundreds of years to build Cathedrals

37. Bamburg – Built in 1012 Romanesque Churches

38. Mainz Cathedralstarted 975

39. Collegiate Church in Tum - 1140

40. Reims Cathedral • Started 1211 Gothic Cathedrals

42. Saint Chapelle – Consecrated 1248

43. Cologne Cathedral Built 1248 - 1880

44. Notre Dame built1163-1345

47. Amiens 1220 - 1270

49. Causes • Seljuk Turks captured the Holy Land of Jerusalem • Constantinople asked the Pope for help • The pope called a crusade to capture Jerusalem Speech at Clarendon – Primary Source Crusades

50. 1096 – 1099 Crusaders marched from Europe to Palestine Crusaders captured Jerusalem and slaughtered all the Jews and Muslims in the city First Crusade