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The European Middle Ages. By: Mark Gonzalez and Susan M. Pojer Grace Christian Academy, Waldorf, MD. Periodization. Early Middle Ages : 500 – 1000: Germanic Tribes invaded Roman Empire…nomads, subsistence farmers, little literacy, little long-distance trade…small villages and towns
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The European Middle Ages By: Mark Gonzalez and Susan M. PojerGrace Christian Academy, Waldorf, MD
Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000: Germanic Tribes invaded Roman Empire…nomads, subsistence farmers, little literacy, little long-distance trade…small villages and towns High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1500: signs of recovery….long-distance trade w/ the East resumes…ends w/ the Black Death and Renaissance
The Medieval Catholic Church • filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world. • monasticism: • St. Benedict– Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience. • provided schools for the children of the upper class. • inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war. • libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts. • monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]
The Power of the Medieval Church • bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system. • the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe. • tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat. • curb heresies crusades; Inquisition • tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church. • Peter’s Pence 1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].
The Rise of the Franks (late 700s-800s) • Tried to unite Western Europe under one king • Germanic peoples • Clovis (481-511) destroyed what was left of the Roman Empire • Converted to Christianity • Started the Carolingian Dynasty –his grandson was the great Charlemagne
Charlemagne: 742 to 814 • Conquered most of mainland western Europe • Started the Holy Roman Empire-crowned by the pope-Emperor • Centered in Germany • Religious and political rule • Traveled all over his kingdom
Charlemagne: 742 to 814 • Feudal system kept his empire going-nobles counts ruled in his stead • Did not tax (unlike Rome) • His empire fell apart after his death-his son Louis divided the empire into 3 parts
Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service. Estates (or fiefs or manors) were granted to nobles by the kings
Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior of a Knight • All about loyalty and respect to your higher noble • Feudalism very male-dominated • Even noble women had few rights, but socially elevated • Women could inherit land, but not rule it • A noble lady was like property to be protected, displayed for her beauty and fought for by her knight “in shining armor”
The Medieval Manor *Orgin. in the Roman Empire, strengthened in the Medieval times-manors became self-sufficient *3 Field system-rotation of 3 fields-fall harvest, spring harvest and non-seeded fallow…chopped down a lot forest to create farmland
Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs (peasants) at work
The Vikings: Raiders from the Norse (North) • From Scandinavia (northern Europe) • Most successful raiders • Great Multi-oared boats • Raided monasteries • Merchants and fishermen • Vikings in France-Normans-took over England(William the Conquerer) • Converted to Christianity and they settled down
The Rise of the European Powers
The Rise of European Monarchies: England • Occupied by the Anglo-Saxon peoples and Vikings • William the Conquerer a Viking est. England’s strongest monarchy • Feudalism remained strongly in place
William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066(Bayeaux Tapestry)
Evolution of England’s Political System • Henry I: • William’s son. • set up a court system. • Exchequer dept. of royal finances. • Henry II: • established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. • grand jury. • trial by jury.
Evolution of England’s Political System • Henry I: • William’s son. • set up a court system. • Exchequer dept. of royal finances. • Henry II: • established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. • grand jury. • trial by jury.
Magna Carta, 1215 • King John I • “Great Charter” • monarchs were notabove the law. • Monarch’s power limited by a Parliament • kings had to consult a council ofadvisor nobles • kings could not tax arbitrarily.
The Beginnings of the British Parliament • Great Council: • middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisiein Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c. • eventually called Parliament. • by 1400, two chambers evolved: • House of Lords nobles & clergy. • House of Commons knights and burgesses.
The Rise of European Monarchies: France • 987-King Hugh Capet began the small kingdom of France in Paris • Over the next few 100 of years the kingdom expanded • Early 1100s-Engalnd claimed land in France • Led to the Hundred Years War
A French king named Charles IV died w/o a male heir to the throne 2 men claimed the throne 1. Edward III (England) who was married to Charles’ daughter 2. Philip of Valois (French) Charles’ nephew English armies attacked France to place Edward III on the throne in 1337 Charles IV How Did the Hundred Years War Begin?
A young French peasant woman who believed she was told by God to save France from the English armies convinced Charles VII later in the war to lead the French armies against the English in 1429 helped push the English armies out of central France eventually captured by the English, accused of being a witch by the Church, and burned alive at the stake by the French In 1922, Pope Benedict XV sainted her on 16 May1920. Joan of Arc Who was Joan of Arc and how did she unite France?
The French People became more patriotic about their own country and nationality; becoming more devoted to national leader (king and queen) than to the nobles (local leaders) Kings built huge armies supported by taxes from the nobles Nobles begin to lose their power Before Joan of Arc, there was no sense of "France”" Joan was the first leader to consider those two countries separate. With Joan came the sense of nationalism for the French. Under the Bourbon monarchs that followed, France became even more unified and a major power in Europe and the world How did the war contribute to the change?
The Rise of European Monarchies:Spain • Marriage of Queen Isabella I of Castille and King Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, unified most of Spain under a single monarchy • Goal: was to rid Muslim influence out of Spain completely • Spanish Inquisition-Catholic Church rid Spain of Muslim and Jewish influence
The Rise of European Monarchies:Spain • Consequence of the Inquisition • Muslims expelled from Spain in 1492 • Many Jews forced to convert to Catholicism • Spain unified under Catholic rule • Spain able to spread their language, culture and Catholicism to the New World
Setting Out on Crusade • Muslim expansion and attacks on Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land and Jerusalem • Turks attacked Constantinople • Pope wanted Jerusalem in the hands of Christians • Pope also wanted to reunite the Roman Catholic Church w/ the Eastern Orthodox Church against a common enemy-Islam • The entire plan failed!
Christian Crusades: Consequences • Violence in the name of religion • Even though a failure: • Led to interaction between cultures • Fueled trade and exchange of ideas • Brought W. Europe back in touch w/ ancient past-Greek and Roman classics • Inventions, ideas and products made their way to Europe via merchants, crusaders and missionaries
Medieval Guilds-such as the Hanseatic League Guild Hall • Commercial Monopoly: • Middle class merchants (burghers) controlled trade in much of Northern Europe • Controlled membershipapprentice journeyman master craftsman • Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]. • Controlled prices
