European Middle Ages

1. General Trends in the High Middle Ages (1000-1300) European Middle Ages

2. Changes in Trade Great agricultural expansion ? considerable population growth ? rise and growth of towns General commercial revival, especially in long distance trade Brought Europeans (indirectly) into contact with many parts of the E. Mediterranean, E. Africa, E. & SE. Asia Trade allowed for more social mobility Merchants gained wealth selling surplus agriculture (from the manors) and artisan goods Lords granted charters to townspeople, which granted them certain rights

3. Bourgeoisie- The Middle Class New merchant class emerged Not peasant (therefore free of obligations and could earn own wealth) Not nobility (therefore not granted privilege in society) burgh (town), thus burgher (town dweller); bourgeoisie is French for burgher Burghers, and the towns they lived in became more powerful as feudalism began to wane Town often formed trade alliances, such as the Hanseatic League of northern Europe

4. Medieval Trade Networks

5. The Hanseatic League

6. Bremen, GER (Example of a Burgh)

7. Medieval Market with Burghers

8. New Intellectual Activity The origins of the university (mostly religious education at this point) Stunning architectural achievement (specifically cathedrals) Early Middle Ages used the Romanesque style This era used Gothic style Gothic cathedrals reflected the growing power of the Catholic Church Man insignificant, God is Great Church also sponsored artists to beautify the cathedrals (with art, stained glass, and statues); Sponsored music as well (Gregorian chants)

9. Romanesque Style: Angouleme Cathedral, FR

10. Gothic Style: Reims Cathedral, FR

11. Chartres Cathedral, FR

12. The Flying Buttress

13. Developments in Technology Widespread serfdom stunted the development of technology before the turn of the millennium The High Middle Ages saw an explosion of new technology Water mills & windmills (used for grinding grain, stone and wood cutting) Mining of iron, coal, salt, and silver (often initiated by monks) Increased communication By land due to road and bridge construction By sea due to lateen sail, compass, and astrolabe (learned from the Muslims

14. New Technologies Textile industry developed Made use of wool, linen, cotton, and silk Spinning wheel (c. 13th century) is first example of belt-driven power transmission Soap was also invented and produced on a large scale by the 12th century Iron casting techniques Tools and weapons more efficiently produced Gunpowder Known in Europe in the 13th century, but used widespread in 14th century

15. Gender Issues Women and the economy As in earlier centuries, they continued to work alongside men in all agricultural work and the preparation of wool and dyes for textiles They dominated the production of ale and beer Supplement income through poultry farming and cheese making Practiced midwifery, but by 14th century doctor�s guild restricted women from entering medical schools By 15th century, many craft guilds greatly restricted or entirely excluded female membership