Motivation and Emotion

1. Motivation and Emotion McElhaney

2. AP Outline • VIII. Motivation and Emotion (7–9%) • Biological Bases • Theories of Motivation • Instinct, Drive Reduction, Optimal Arousal, Incentive Theories • Hunger- Eating Disorders; Thirst, Sex, Social Cultural Factors, Sexual Orientation and Pain • Social Motives, Achievement Motivation, • Theories of Emotion, James-Lange Theory, Cannon-Cognitive Theory; Characteristics, Biology of Emotion, Emotional Expressions • Stress

3. Basics of Motivation • There are links between motives and emotions • Basic motives- Hunger-thirst are monitored within the brain • Activities/motives are related to needs for stimulation and to maintain arousal

4. Definition of Motivation: • The factors that influence initiation, direction, intensity + persistence of behavior • Why do we do what we do? • Behavior is based partly on the desire to feel certain emotions. • How is motivation exemplified by Hunger, sexual desire and Need for Achievement? • Motivation  effects emotion example- hunger and irritibility

5. Motive: • A reason or purpose that provides a single explanation for diverse behaviors. • Some psychologists think of motivation as an “intervening variable”- • Intervening variable is something that is used to explain the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses.

6. 4 Categories of Motivation • Biological Factors- Autonomic Nervous System • Emotional Factors- panic, fear, anger, love, hatred • Cognitive Factors- perceptions, beliefs, expectations • Social Factors – other people, influence from parents, friends, teachers, TV, Siblings…Factors-

7. Theories of Motivation (web) • Instinct- (see one page overview) • Drive Reduction- • Optimal Arousal- • Incentive-

8. Basic Model of Motivation • Dynamics of behavior in the way actions are: • Initiated • Sustained • Directed • Terminated

9. Example of Food Seeking • Initiated by bodily need • Search was sustained • Action directed by possible sources • Terminated by attained goal

10. The Model (Motives) • Motivational Activities- begin with needs • Need is an internal deficiency • Needs cause - Drive= energized state that facilitates a need • Drives --activate a response = an action or series of actions to attain a goal • Goals are targets of motivational behavior

12. Difference between Needs and Drives • Needs – are stronger than drives • Drives fluctuate in strength

13. External Stimuli • Motivated behavior can be energized by the pull of External Stimuli • And push of internal needs

14. Action is a Mix • Internal needs and External Incentives • (types of conflicts are associated) • Incentive value of goals helps us understand motives that don’t come from internal needs • Example success = status-approval

15. Types of Motives: 3 Categories • Primary-(innate) • Based on biological needs • Must be met for survival • Hunger, thirst, pain avoidance • Air, sleep • Elimination of waste

16. 2. Stimulus Motives (not necessarily for survival) • Need for stimulation • Need for information • Activity • Curiosity • Exploration • Manipulation • Physical contact

17. Motive 2- Stimulus • Not necessary for survival • Stimulus Drives= reflect need for: • Need for stimulation • Need for information • Activity – curiosity • Exploration- manipulation • Physical contact • Sensory input

18. 3. Secondary Motives (learned motives) • Learned needs or drives and goals • Making music • Competing • Learned needs for power • For affiliation • Status • Security • Approval • Achievement • Fear + Aggression are learned

19. Arousal Theory • Says ideal levels of activation exist for various activities • Arousal refers to activation of body + nervous system • Zero@death.com = no arousal=death • Low during sleep or boredom • Moderate during daily activities • High at times of excitement, emotion, panic, fear and anxiety

20. We perform best when we have a Moderate level of Arousal Not too passive/not too anxious=Performance Inverted U Function Says at low levels of arousal=decrease performance More arousal= improved performance Levels of Arousal

21. Levels of Arousal 2 • Ideal level arousal depends on complexity of the task Simple tasks--Best for arousal to be high Complex tasks  best for low/moderate arousal

22. Yerkes-Dodson Law

23. Sensation Seekers • People learn to seek particular levels of arousal • Sensation seeking scale+ Thrill +adventure seeking • Experience seeking • Disinhibition • Boredom Susceptibility

24. Motive 3-Secondary Motives • Learned motives • Learned needs or drives and goals • Making music…Competing • Learned need for • Power • Affiliation • Status • Security • Approval • Achievement • Fear + aggression are learned

25. Primary Motive is Homeostasis • Biological needs- direct much of our behavior • Are used to maintain body balance= Homeostasis • Hunger (motive) is a regular cycle each day • Good example of how internal and external factors direct behavior • Liver affects hunger

26. Hunger 2 • Stomach size some indication of hunger • Glucose- level in blood and • hypoglycemia = low blood sugar level • Feeling of hunger causes stomach contractions • Liver sends nerves signal to brain desire to eat

27. Primary Motives Continued • Thirst, Sex, and pain avoidance • Thirst 2 kinds • Extra-cellular thirst- when water is lost from fluids surrounding cells • Bleeding, vomiting, sweating, drinking alcohol • Intra-cellular thirst • Salt level • Draws fluid out of cells

28. Pain- • Drive to avoid pain=episodic • Takes place at certain episodes when body is or is about to be damaged • Prompts us to avoid pain • Pain tolerance- is learned- raise of lower tolerance

29. Brian Mechanisms • There are many parts of brain associated with motivation

30. Hypothalamus • does regulate motivation and emotion • Thirst, hunger, sexual behavior • Is sensitive to sugar in the blood • Receives neural messages from liver and stomach • One part signals hunger =feeding system • Which initiates eating

31. Hypothalamus 2 • Lateral hypothalamus- (hunger feelings) • When electrified causes animals to eat • If destroyed = no eating

32. Ventro-Medial Hypothalamus • Part of Hypothalamus relates directly to Satiety (fullness) feelings= stop mechanism • If destroyed = overeating • (Bottom medium part of the hypothalamus) • Marijuana-”Mary-Jane” causes a hypothalamic response= “Munchies”

34. Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus • Affects hunger= helps keep blood sugar level steady • Both- starts and stops eating • Sensitive to Neuropeptide Y (NPY) • Large amount = hunger

35. Glucagon -Like Peptide 1 (GLP1) • Causes eating to cease • Released by intestines • After eating a meal • In blood then to brain • 10 minutes after eating- (eat slow = eat less)

36. Set Point- Thermostat • When fat levels rise • Leptin- Fat cells release-tells brain to stop eating. • The body is homeostatic when we are at the set point and then it is activated to reach the set point when we fall below.

37. Taste Aversion • Associated with nausea • Classical conditioning • Biological tendency- associate food with sickness • Protective

38. Anorexia Nervosa Adolescent Females <5-10% male> Severe Dieting Compulsive attempt to lose weight Do not seek or desire food 1 in 20 die of malnutrition Bulimia Nervosa Gorge on food then vomit Take laxatives to avoid weight gain Eating Disorders

39. Causes of Bulimia Anorexia • Women dissatisfied with bodies • Distorted view of themselves • “They think they’re fat, exaggerated fears of becoming fat.” • Distorted Messages from media • Compulsion- comparing to models • Distorted body image • Perfect daughter control issues • Shame, guilt, self contempt, anxiety

40. Treatment of Eating Disorders • Medical diet • Behavioral Counseling- self monitoring of food intake • Extinction training (to end the learned behavior) urge to vomit • Cognitive approach- • Change the thinking patterns & belief system about weight + body image • Usually people need outside support and urging from family

42. Sex Drive= one’s motivation to engage in sexual behavior Mammals- female-hormone- Estrus = “Heat” Caused by Estrogen Male animals Ready to mate sex drive= aroused by behavior + sent of receptive female Sex Drive

43. Human Sex Drive • Non-Homeostatic- it works independent of bodily need • Sex drive in men is related to amount of Androgens= male hormone • Produced by testes • (puberty- increases supply of androgens)

44. Women Sex Drive • Produce Androgens causes increase in sex drive

45. Human Sex Drive • Human sex Drive can be aroused at anytime • Sexual activity- does not prevent sexual desire • Sex drive can be aroused + Reduced • “The Coolidge Effect” • Male sex drive can be aroused repeatedly with new sexual partners.

46. Circadian Rhythms • Internal Biological Clocks • 24 hour cycle • Guide Body Activity • Liver • Kidney • Blood Pressure • Endocrine Glands Peak During Day Adrenaline is 3-5x higher

47. Test Anxiety Pg 445

48. Learned Motives • We learn to pursue excellence • Reinforcers- • Praise money, success--affect goals and desires

49. Opponent Process Theory • Richard Solomon (1980) • Explains learned motives • Example drug addiction • “If a stimulus causes a strong emotion <Fear or Pleasure> an opposite emotion tends to occur when stimulus ends” • Stimulus of pain + Pain ends =relief

50. Opponent Process Theory 2 • Pleasure + Drug use – end of drug use= • Pleasure ends – craving & discomfort develops • In love + feel good when lover is present • Take away lover = discomfort when they are not there • If stimulus is repeated- our response is habituated (gets weaker) • Emotional after affects get stronger with repetition (example- depression when drug use ends)