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SEXISM

SEXISM. SEXISM. Sexism is the range of attitudes, beliefs, policies, laws, and behaviors that discriminate against the members of one sex. SEXISM. Sexism is especially evident in employment and contributes to the earnings gap between men and women. SEXISM.

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SEXISM

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  1. SEXISM

  2. SEXISM • Sexism is the range of attitudes, beliefs, policies, laws, and behaviors that discriminate against the members of one sex.

  3. SEXISM • Sexism is especially evident in employment and contributes to the earnings gap between men and women.

  4. SEXISM • The primary source of sexism is socialization, particularly in the family, where children are treated differently on the basis of their sex.

  5. SEXISM • Other sources: • Psychiatric medicine • the media • religion • legal system

  6. SEXISM • Until fairly recently it was widely accepted that the only desirable roles for a woman were those of wife, mother, and homemaker. • Over the past several decades women have made many notable gains.

  7. FEMINISM • WOMEN'S LIBERATION DID NOT CREATE THE WORKING WOMAN; RATHER, THE WORKING WOMAN CREATED WOMEN'S LIBERATION.

  8. MARITAL PRO-CREATIVE IMPERATIVE: • SEX CONFINED TO MARRIAGE • EVERYONE GOT MARRIED • EVERY MARRIAGE LEAD TO PROCREATION

  9. MARITAL PRO-CREATIVE IMPERATIVE: • The marital procreative imperative suited the government, churches, and business who had interests in a rising birthrate.

  10. MARITAL PRO-CREATIVE IMPERATIVE: • The imperative was reinforced by dominant values and ideologies that defined a woman’s place as in the home. • A woman simply did not get married to a man who could not support her in the style she was accustomed to.

  11. Women in the Workforce

  12. Married Women in the Workforce

  13. MARRIED WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE: • THIS DRASTIC CHANGE IN THE PARTICIPATION RATE OF MARRIED WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE HAS BROKEN THE BACK OF THE PRO-CREATIVE IMPERATIVE.

  14. MARRIED WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE: • THE BABY BOOM COLLAPSED, THE FERTILITY RATE BEGAN ITS HISTORIC PLUNGE (REACHING A RATE OF ZERO POPULATION GROWTH IN 1972 AND FALLING STILL FURTHER TO AN AVERAGE OF 1.8 CHILDREN PER WOMAN BY 1980).

  15. MARRIED WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE: • WHAT COMPELLED MARRIED WOMEN TO LOOK FOR WORK? • WHAT IT WAS IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY THAT CREATED VAST NEW NUMBERS OF JOBS?

  16. MARRIED WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE: • ON THE WORKER'S SIDE, MARRIED WOMEN'S INITIAL MOTIVATION WAS TO PROVIDE A SUPPLEMENT TO THEIR BREADWINNER HUSBAND'S INCOME. • TO ACHIEVE THOSE LIMITED GOALS, MARRIED WOMEN WERE WILLING TO ACCEPT PART-TIME, TEMPORARY, DEAD-END JOBS.

  17. MARRIED WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE: • IN THE EARLY 1960s YOUNG MARRIED WOMEN ENTERED THE LABOR FORCE IN DROVES, NOT BECAUSE OF FEMINISM, BUT RATHER, CAUSED BY THE BEGINNING OF THE GREAT INFLATION.

  18. MARRIED WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE: • WHILE IT IS CLEAR THAT THERE WERE STRONG ECONOMIC PRESSURES ON WOMEN TO BREAK OUT OF THE HOMEBODY ROLE, WE MUST NOT FORGET THE OTHER SIDE OF THE EQUATION.

  19. MARRIED WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE: • AT FIRST, THESE NEW JOBS WERE COMPATIBLE WITH THE TRADITIONAL GOALS OF PROCREATION AND MARRIAGE: • PART-TIME • TEMPORARY • FEMALE DOMINATED

  20. MARRIED WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE: • THE GREAT BULK OF THE NEW JOBS WERE OF TWO TYPES: • BUREAUCRACY • SERVICE

  21. MARRIED WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE: • MOST OF THE NEW JOBS WERE WHITE OR "PINK COLLAR" OCCUPATIONS, AND THE GREAT BULK WERE SITUATED WITHIN GOVERNMENT OR CORPORATE BUREAUCRACY.

  22. MARRIED WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE: • THESE ARE WOMEN DOMINATED OCCUPATIONS, OFTEN TEMPORARY AND/OR DEAD END, AND ALMOST ALWAYS POORLY PAID. EVEN TODAY THE AVERAGE EMPLOYED WOMAN IN THE U.S. MAKES ONLY 60 CENTS FOR EVERY MALE DOLLAR.

  23. MARRIED WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE: • WHY MARRIED WOMEN: • VAST NUMBERS • UNAGRESSIVE • LOW-WAGES • EDUCATED • MIDDLE CLASS

  24. MARRIED WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE: • THE TIMING OF THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT AT THE END OF THE 1960s MARKS THE MOMENT OF COLLECTIVE REALIZATION THAT WOMEN WOULD HAVE TO CONTINUE TO WORK AS A CONSEQUENCE OF A RISING COST OF LIVING.

  25. MARRIED WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE: • UNLESS WOMEN REBELLED THEY WOULD GET THE WORSE OF TWO WORLDS: • A DULL, BORING, DEAD-END JOB AT WORK; • COOKING, CLEANING, CHILD CARE, AND A CHAUVANIST MALE AT HOME

  26. MARRIED WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE: • WHILE WOMEN WORKING OUTSIDE THE HOME RECEIVED A LOT OF OPPOSITION FROM SOME INSTITUTIONS OF SOCIETY, IT BECAME A WIDESPREAD PRACTICE BECAUSE OF ECONOMIC "NECESSITY.” • The demise of the procreative imperative has contributed to a rapid restructuring of American work and family life.

  27. Earnings Gap: • THERE IS STILL A SIGNIFICANT EARNINGS GAP BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN IN THE AMERICAN LABOR FORCE. • WHILE THE GAP BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF MEN AND WOMEN IS BEGINNING TO NARROW (FROM 66% IN 1983 TO ABOUT 75% IN 1995) IT IS STILL SIGNIFICANT.

  28. Women’s Earnings

  29. Median Weekly Earnings

  30. INCOME GAP: • ABOUT HALF OF THE INCOME GAP CAN BE ACCOUNTED FOR BY INTERRUPTIONS IN THE WORK HISTORIES OF WOMEN. • "PINK COLLAR" JOBS ALSO ACCOUNT FOR SOME OF THE INCOME DISPARITY. • JOBS HELD MAINLY BY WOMEN (PINK COLLAR) ARE PAID AT RATES THAT AVERAGE 20% LESS THAN THOSE EQUIVALENT JOBS HELD MAINLY BY MEN.

  31. Pink Collar • TRADITIONAL SEX ROLES AND STEREOTYPES HAVE PUSHED WOMEN INTO THESE PINK COLLAR JOBS. • IN SCHOOL READING BOOKS, MALE CENTRAL CHARACTERS ARE FIVE TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN FEMALE. FEMALES ARE STILL SHOWN IN TRADITIONAL FEMALE ROLES.

  32. Pink Collar • ABOUT 59% OF THE WORKING WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES ARE EMPLOYED IN THESE "PINK COLLAR" JOBS. • WOMEN ARE CONCENTRATED IN THE LOWER-STATUS JOBS AT THE LOW END OF THE PAY SCALE. THE VAST MAJORITY OF RETAIL CLERKS, TYPISTS, AND SECRETARIES ARE WOMEN.

  33. INCOME GAP: • DIFFERENCES IN INCOME ARE NOT DUE TO DIFFERENCES IN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT. FOR THE PAST SEVERAL DECADES MEN AND WOMEN HAVE RECEIVED THE SAME AMOUNT OF SCHOOLING.

  34. In the Future: • THE PRESENCE OF LARGE NUMBERS OF WOMEN INTHE LABOR FORCE CAN BE EXPECTED TO PRODUCE CONTINUED PRESSURE FOR GREATER EQUALITY BETWEEN THE SEXES. • WOMEN'S MOVEMENT IS LIKELY TO FOCUS ON SUCH ISSUES AS COMPARABLE PAY, SEXUAL HARRASSMENT, ABORTION RIGHTS, CHILD CARE AND CHILDREN'S AID.

  35. Practice Quiz #12 • 1)_______________Beliefs which hold one sex superior to the other thereby justifying sexual inequalities.

  36. Practice Quiz #12 • 2)_________________Social organization that structures the dominance of men over women.

  37. Practice Quiz #12 • 3)________________The use of force to compel one individual to engage in a sexual act with another.

  38. Practice Quiz #12 • 4)_________________A rigid and inflexible image of the characteristics a group.

  39. Practice Quiz #12 • 5)________________Advocacy of the social equality of the sexes.

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