Recent Stuff 1914 to Present

1. Recent Stuff 1914 to Present

2. The Big Picture • How do nationalism and self-determination impact global events? • Are world cultures converging? – yes: technology, popular culture, internet • What keeps cultures separated?

3. WWI • Go Back to Handout Notes • Review the following terms: • Triple Entente – Britain, France, Russia • Schlieffen Plan – swift attack on France going through Belgium • Balkans – Archduke Ferdinand • Allies • US – Isolationism – however Lusitania and Zimmerman telegram pull them out and into the War • 8 ½ million soldiers died

4. Treaty of Versailles • Officially ended WWI • Harsh punishments on Germany • Divided Austria-Hungary into separate nations • Caused economic problems and resentment in Germany – conditions to lead to the rise of Hitler • League of Nations – not successful, many nations did not join

5. Russian Revolution • Czar Nicholas II abdicates the throne • Alexander Kerensky – establishes provisional government • Shared power with soviets – local councils (ineffective) • Soviets support Bolsheviks (Socialist Party) headed by Lenin • Lenin nationalizes the assets and industries (mass socialism) • Signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – ceded part of W. Russia to Germany – backs out of WWI

6. Counterrevolutionary revolts break out in Ukraine, Siberia and other parts of Russian Empire • Red Army is formed • Caused a deepened distrust between Socialist Russia and the West • Turks: • Ottoman Empire joined the losing Central Powers of WWI • Greece attacked • Ataturk becomes 1st president of Turkey and modernize and westernizes Turkey (changes legal code from Islamic to Western)

7. WWII Era • Stalin • Lenin removed themselves from WWI and institutes New Economic Policy – successful in agriculture – Lenin Dies • Stalin discards NEP • Five Year Plans – increased farm production by taking over private farms (collectivization) • Said it was communism but really it was totalitarianism – people did not share in the power or wealth • Industrialized USSR • Relied on terror tactics on people

8. The Great Depression • Financial headquarters shifted from London to New York • US lent Europeans a lot of money for the war • US Stock market crashed and caused international catastrophe; all were dependent on US credit to rebuild their countries • US and Germany were hit the hardest • Led to political ideology – fascism (opposite of democracy)

9. Fascism • Focused on “the people” rather than the individual • Pushed for extreme nationalism (racial identity) • Italy – Mussolini – 1st state to have a fascist government • Blackshirts – fought socialists and communists organizations • Marched to Rome and King allowed Mussolini to be Prime Minister; Completely took over Parliament; started expansion into N. Africa

10. Rise of Hitler • Wiemar Republic – formed after WWI • Nazi party rises • German people keep rejecting solutions of the Reichstag – Wiemar Republic’s elected body • Hitler rises to head of Nazi Party • Supports extreme nationalism • Darwinism – convinced that the Aryan race was superior and was tainted by Slavs and Jews; wanted them deported (then eliminated) • Seizes control – Third Reich – wanted to conquer Europe

11. Hitler begins to rebuild military (against Treaty of Versailles) • Spanish democracy was falling apart; Britain and France refused to help • Francisco Franco installed a dictatorship in Spain • Germany took back the Rhineland, given the Sudetenland (appeasement) • Italy invades Albania • Nazi-Soviet Pact • Germany invades Poland; Britain and France declare war on Germany

12. Japanese Aggression • Sent a list of 21 demands to China • Depression sent Japanese militarists to invade Manchuria – renamed Manchukuo • Anti-Comintern Pact – formed alliance with Germany • “Rape of Nanjing” – 250,000 Chinese were slaughtered

13. WWII Terms: • Blitzkrieg – lightening war • Winston Churchill – new leader of Britain • Battle of Britain – Germany’s massive air strike – British succeeded in keeping German armies out of England • Germany invades Russia • Japan invades Indochina (Vietnam); US freezes its assets in the US; Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Rome and Berlin; Japan bombs Pearl Harbor • Manhattan Project – development of Atomic Bomb • D-Day-allied land attack on Normandy, France • Atomic bomb dropped on Japan

14. Consequences • Holocaust • US and Soviet Union become superpowers • Marshall Plan – money sent for Western Europe reconstruction • Decline of colonialism and imperialism • Women – kept their war jobs, sought higher education • United Nations • Start of the Cold War-US and Soviet Union had opposite world views and each sought to contain the other – lasted nearly 50 years

15. Cold War Era • US – democratic/capitalist; Soviet Union – totalitarianism/communism • US and Soviet Union tried to pull the world into their standoff. • Arms race – nuclear arsenals • Germany – parts of Eastern Europe • US and Soviet union wanted to promote their ideology (democracy vs. communism) • Germany was divided into 4 but became West Germany – democratic and East Germany – Soviet controlled (communist); capital city of Berlin was divided into E. and W.

16. East vs. West • Soviet bloc – E. Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romany and Hungary • Western bloc – Western Europe including W. Germany, Greece and Turkey • Truman Doctrine (containment) – US would aid countries threatened by communist takeover – NATO – Western bloc military alliance • Warsaw Pact – in response to NATO; Iron Curtain – the line between the East and the West

17. China - Communists • Guomindang Party – founded by Sun Yat-sen (led the Chinese Revolution of 1911, and ended Manchu Dynasty; Three Principals of the People – nationalism, socialism and democracy • Chiang Kai-shek establishes Guomindang as ruling party of China • Japan invaded China • Communists (allied with Soviet Union) are gaining strength in the North • After defeat of Japan – civil war; Guomindang (democratic) vs. communists

18. Mao Zedong rallied millions of peasants in the North and force the Guomindang to Taiwan where they set up Republic of China (they still consider themselves to be the “real” China) • Mainland China becomes People’s Republic of China (the US will formally recognize in 1973); becomes largest communist nation • Taiwan has continuously rejected China’s attempt at reunification

19. Mao Zedong • 1949 – collectivization of agriculture and industry • Great Leap Forward – huge communes were created (trying for a true Marxist state); communes had huge unreachable quotas set by the government and lied about it – 30 million Chinese died of starvation • Soviet Union pulled the their support of China • 1964 Mao builds military, begins Westernization, builds their own A-bomb

20. Mao retracts and starts Cultural Revolution – Universities were closed, erased all traces of Western-influenced intelligentsia – “elites” were forced to work on collective farms. • 1976 – Deng Xiaoping – restructuring economic policies; opened up to Western ideas • Since then, China has incorporated some elements of capitalism; however politically, China remains strictly communist – Tiananmen Square massacre – 1 million demonstrators calling for democratic reform were fired upon and hundreds were killed

21. Division of Korea • Prior to WWII, Korea was invaded by Japan; after the war Soviet Union and US divided Korea (was supposed to be until Korea was stable to run their own elections) • North Korea – Soviet-backed communism • South Korea – US-backed democracy • 1949-both Soviet and US withdrew their troops; however North Korea attacked South Korea in attempt to unite their country • UN (US and Britain) went to aid the S. Koreans, it looked as if S. Korea would win, but then China enters to aid N. Korea – armistice signed in 1953 • Korea is still split today.

22. Vietnam • France tried to hang on to their colony of Indochina (Vietnam); however Vietminh fought them back. • The nation was divided into two: N. Vietnam-communist (Ho Chi Minh) and the S. Vietnam – democratic (Ngo Dihn Diem) • N. Vietnam and S. Vietnam go to war; France and US come to the aid of S. Vietnam • N. Vietnam wins (US loses) and Vietnam unifies as a communist state.

23. Cuban Revolution • Platt Amendment – US remained involved in Cuban affairs (after Cuba wins independence from Spain) • 1939-1959 – US supported the Batista Dictatorship – made wealthy even wealthier and no benefits for peasants • Fidel Castro leads a peasant revolt • The Batista fled and Fidel Castro took control of the government

24. Fidel Castro • Suspended elections • Established a communist dictatorship • Seized and nationalized industries • Executed Rivals • Established strong ties with Soviet Union • President Kennedy authorized Bay of Pigs Invasions (trained exiled Cubans) • Cuban Missile Crisis – US caught Soviet Union sending missiles to Cuba – 3 month stand-off, Soviet backed down and removed missiles in exchange for a promise that the US would not invade Cuba • After collapse of Soviet Union in 1990, Cuba lost their main financial backer. Castro is still in power

25. Europe – The Cold War Ends • The Fall of Communism in E. Europe (1989) • People of the Eastern bloc begin to revolt with the West becoming richer and the East becoming poorer

26. Poland: • 1980 - Solidarity movement – led by Lech Walesa – Thousands of workers joined a strike for reform of communist economic system • Government tried to suppress the movement and arrested Lech Walesa • 1988 – New Prime Minister – Rakowski – made reforms and legalized Solidarity • Mazowiecki became first elected Prime Minister since WWII • 1990 – communism party fell apart in Poland and Lech Walesa was elected president • Economy since has greatly improved; joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004

27. German Reunification (again) • Communism declined in the Soviet bloc • East Germans cut ties with Soviet Union and began negotiation with West Germany • 1989 – Berlin Wall was torn down – signaled end of E. Germany • Government started ambitious reconstruction program and modernization of East Germany

28. Soviet Union Collapses • Mikhail Gorbachev – comes to power in 1985 – issues policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) of Soviet economy • Private enterprise were added to economy • Gorbachev denounced the Great Purge by Stalin • Poland and other Soviet satellites declared their separation of the USSR • Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991: Russia becomes its own country again, Ukraine, Belarus, and Georgia become independent; most shifts of power were peaceful except for the Balkans

29. Yugoslavia led to “ethnic cleansing”, Muslims were slaughtered by Serbians • UN became involved during the 1990’s • Chechnya (Muslim dominated) – part of Russia wants to break away • Most new countries of the former Soviet bloc have created constitutional democracies and economic systems based on capitalism • US is the world’s only superpower

30. Asia and Africa – Independence Movements • India • Indian National Congress – mainly Hindu; formed in 1885; wanted to increase the rights of Indians • Muslim League (1906) – wanted to imporve Islamic Indians • Amritsar massacre (1919) – 319 Indians (Hindu and Muslim) were slaughtered at this peaceful protest – millions joined the independence movement • Mohandad Gandhi – leader of the movement; passive resistance (civil disobedience)

31. At the same time, increased violence between Hindu and Muslim • Gandhi wanted Indian unity despite religious differences, however Muslim League wanted their own Muslim nation (Pakistan) • After WWII – Britain granted India’s independence; Radical Hindus and Muslims start killing each other • Mumammad Ali Jinnah – lead movement to form Muslim nation in the North • British supported a partition to save lives

32. 1947 – India separates into 3; Pakistan, E. Pakistan (Bangladesh), India • Millions were forced to flee to go to respective area, and millions were killed along the way (including Gandhi) • Today, India and Pakistan are still fighting, especially in Kashmir

33. Africa • Independence motivated by India • N. African countries were the first to win independence (mostly Islamic) • Gamal Nasser – general of Egyptian army overthrows king and established a republic; nationalizes industries including Suez Canal • Countries S. of the Sahara had a more difficult time • Few educated Africans; once colonial power left, who would run the country • Boarders set up by Europeans made it hard for countries to nationalize

34. Rwanda • 2 warring ethnic groups: Tutsi (15% of population) – had political power and Hutu (85% of population) • After independence (1962), Hutu revolted against Tutsi (thousands died) • 1972 – Juvenal Habyariman – military coup; provided peace until his death • 1994 – Habyariman died and civil war broke out again. 100 days of genocide; 800,000 Tutsi died • 1995 – 2 million Hutu refugees go to Zaire

35. South Africa • 1910 – Union of South Africa (combined the 2 British Colonies and the 2 Boer (Dutch) republics • 1923 – residential segregation established • 1926 – blacks were banned from working the jobs that the whites wanted • 1931 – S. Africa wins independence from Britain; system of apartheid (“separation of races”) established • 1950’s – creation of homelands were set aside for blacks (80% of pop.); worst areas of the country

36. 1950’s – Nelson Mandela becomes leader of African National Congress (wanted to abolish apartheid) • At first promoted peaceful protests • After Sharpeville massacre (protesting the use of passes to be in the cities), he promoted use of guerilla warfare • 1964 – Mandela is arrested and imprisoned for life • 1990 – due to continued pressure from international community, Mandela is released • Apartheid crumbles; 1994 – Mandela is elected president in first free and open election

37. Middle East • After WWI, Ottoman Empire collapsed and League of Nations gains control of the lands • France – Syria and Lebanon • Britain – Palestine, Jordan, Iraq • Persia (Iran) – already shared between Britain and Russia (spheres of influence) • Arabia – united under Saudi Kingdom

38. Israel • Hebrews had previously occupied the lands in Palestine • Many Jews had left for Europe while many Muslims had made it their home • After WWII, many Jews wanted to return to the “promise land” • Zionists (Jewish nationalists) convinced British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour to sign the Balfour Declaration (1917) stating that Jewish people had a right to a home in Palestine (however should not displace Muslims already living there) • By beginning of WWII, 500,000 Jews had emigrated to Palestine

39. 1948 – UN created two Palestines; one for Jews, one for Muslims (like India and Pakistan, have been fighting ever since) • David Ben-Gurion – 1st prime minister of Israel – announced official creation of Jewish homeland • 6 Arab countries attack Israel; Israel defeats them and ends up controlling most of Palestine; Palestinians have no home. • Ongoing conflict over Israeli occupation of the West Bank, Golan Heights, Gaza Strip

40. Iran • 1925 – Reza Shah Pahlavi – started Westernization of Iran; after WWII, Westernization increased. By 1960’s – land, education and women reforms (western fashions) • Infuriated Islamic fundamentalists, who believe the Qu’ran should be law of the land • 1979 - President Carter visited congratulating Shah for his programs; Iranian Revolution – Shah was removed from power; Iran became a theocracy led by Ayatollah

41. Women returned to traditional Islamic clothing • Qu’ran became basis for legal system • 1980 – Iraq invaded (Saddam Hussein); Iran and Iraq was supported by US; cease-fire was signed in 1988. • 1989 – Ayatollah died – power struggle among Islamic fundamentalist and pro-westernization • Recently – Iran developing “peaceful” nuclear technologies

42. Oil • After Industrial Revolution, oil became fuel; Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq have made billions of dollars from their oil supplies • Middle East unites and forms OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) – less powerful organization due to willy members; individual members however have much power.

43. War in the Gulf – Saddam Hussein • 1990 – Iraq (Saddam Hussein) invades Kuwait to gain more oil reserves • UN (US) sent forces to drive out Iraq out of Kuwait (could have led to Hussein moving on into the rest of the Arabian peninsula) • Hussein remained in power until 2003 – a coalition invade Iraq to oust him out of power • 2005 – Iraqi citizens trying to build a new democratic nation but is slow due to suicide bombings against coalition forces and Iraqi citizens

44. Taliban, Al Queda, Osama • 1980’s – Soviet Union sends troops to Afghanistan to help overthrow previous government and begin communism; Soviet Union suffered severe guerilla attacks • Gorbachev (Russia) withdraws the troops • Warring factions in Afghanistan fought to fill the power void

45. Taliban (Islamic Fundamentalist) would win the power struggle • strict Islamic law • severe restrictions on women • provided safe haven for Osama bin Laden (leader of international terrorist network – Al-Queda) – hates US • Supports Israel • Has military base in Saudi Arabia • US supports globalization which hurts Islamic culture

46. READ:Pulling it all togetherpg 248-249