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The Earth and The Material World

The Earth and The Material World. Module 2. Internal Structure of the Earth. Earth’s Internal Structure. Earth’s Internal Structure (pp. 294-295). Like an egg…. Crust. Shell. (ALBUMEN). Biosphere. Biosphere (pp. 295-296).

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The Earth and The Material World

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  1. The Earth andThe Material World Module 2

  2. Internal Structure of the Earth

  3. Earth’s Internal Structure

  4. Earth’s Internal Structure (pp. 294-295)

  5. Like an egg… Crust Shell (ALBUMEN)

  6. Biosphere

  7. Biosphere (pp. 295-296) • The biosphere is all the regions in which life can exist on Earth. • Composed of threeparts: • Atmosphere (air) • Hydrosphere (water) • Lithosphere (land)

  8. Atmosphere

  9. Atmosphere Composition

  10. Atmosphere (pp. 296-300) • Atmosphere is the envelope of gas that surrounds the Earth. • Composition: • Nitrogen (78%) • Oxygen (21%) • Carbon dioxide, Ozone, Water Vapour, Other gases (1%) • Divided into 4 layers: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere.

  11. Ozone Layer

  12. Layers of the Atmosphere:Troposphere • Up to 17 km thick near equator. • 7-8 km thick near north and south poles. • Contains 80% of the atmosphere. • Contains almost all the water vapourin the atmosphere (clouds, rain, etc). • Drops approximately 6°C each kilometre.

  13. Stratosphere • Approximately 40 km thick. • Above troposphere. • Contains ozone layer. • Absorbs ultraviolet rays. • The farther from Earth, the higher the temperature. • Large airplanes fly here.

  14. Mesosphere • Approximately 40 km thick. • Third layer. • Meteoroids catch fire and break up here. • Air is very thin (molecules are scarce). • Temperatures between -120°C and 27°C.

  15. Thermosphere • Over 90 km thick. • Fourth and last layer. • Contains polar auroras. • Very hot (over 1000°C). • Contains ionosphere (useful for communication systems). • Burns up most meteoroids (shooting stars).

  16. The Ozone Layer • The protective ozone layer has been shrinking in volume because CFC molecules and aerosol products are destroying it. • CFC molecules are chlorofluorocarbon molecules found in refrigerators and air conditioners. • When the ozone layer shrinks, it cannot protect us as well from solar UV rays. • UV rays are trapped inside our atmosphere because of the greenhouse effect.

  17. Hydrosphere

  18. Hydrosphere

  19. Hydrosphere (pp. 302-303) • The hydrosphere is formed by all bodies of water on the Earth’s surface. • Some parts are: oceans, rivers, streams, lakes. • Covers approximately 75% of the Earth’s surface. • Water is essential for survival.

  20. Distribution of Water on Earth • Water is either fresh or salty. • Fresh water can be found in lakes, ponds, and streams. • Seas and oceans have salty water. • Humans need fresh water to survive.

  21. Distribution of Water on Earth

  22. So, what’s the big deal?

  23. Another look

  24. Water Cycle Water on Earth is constantly being recycled.

  25. The Water Cycle The amount of water on Earth is constant. Water follows a cycle: it travels constantly between oceans, the atmosphere and solid ground. • A cycle has no beginning and no end There are 4 main steps in the water cycle:

  26. 1. Evaporation • Evaporation: Liquid water becomes water vapor. • Evapotranspiration: Living things produce water vapor through respiration and transpiration.

  27. 2. Condensation: Water vapor is cooled down and becomes liquid water.

  28. 3. Precipitation: Small water droplets in clouds gather and become rain drops which gravity pulls to the ground.

  29. 4. Return to ocean • Runoff: Water on mountains and on hills reaches waterways because of height differences. • Infiltration: Water can seep to underground lakes and make its way back to the ocean.

  30. Lithosphere

  31. The Lithosphere (p. 306 top only) • Made of crust and part of upper mantle. • 70 km thick below oceans. • 150 km thick below continents. • Essential for life: • Provides minerals to plant roots. • Offers habitat for animals. • Contains oil and natural gas. • Foundation for buildings. • Constantly changingdue to tectonic plate movement.

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