Age of Religious Wars

1. Age of Religious Wars • Because of all the Bloody conflict between Protestants and Catholics • France, England, the Netherlands, and Scotland • Calvinist fought Catholic rulers for the right to govern their own territories • to practice their chosen religion openly

2. Religious War in France

3. Renewed Religious Struggle • Age of Religious Wars • Late 1500s-1600s • Bloody Conflict Between Protestants and Catholics across Europe • Conflicts fueled by • Religious issues • Dynastic Rivalries • France, Netherlands, England and Scotland • Calvinist fought catholic rulers for the right to govern their own territories-practice their own religions openly

4. Renewed Religious Struggle • Peace of Augsburg • Ruler’s determined the religious practice of their countries • Problem with the peace of Augsburg • Didn’t extend to non-Lutheran Protestants • Calvinist • Anglicans • Presbyterians • Anabaptist

5. The French Wars of Religion • French Protestants are known as Huguenots • France was a Catholic Country • Francis I Opposed Protestantism • He never persecuted the protestants in France • Which is why Calvinism had a big impact in France

6. Habsburg – Valois Wars • Cost more then the government could afford • Financing war Posed $$$ problems for France • Francis I • Increased Taxes • Borrowed Money • Two new ways to raise revenue • Sale of Public office • Hereditary (eventually all heirs tax exempt) • Nobility of the robe • Treaty with the Papacy

7. Concordat of Bologna • France Recognized the Supremacy of the papacy over a universal council. • (Pope has all the power) • French rulers can appoint ALL bishops and abbots (head of monks) • French Crown gained right to appoint • Bishops • Abbots • Monarchy • Abundant amount of $$$ and offices • Power over the church lasted until 1789 • Treaty reason why France never become protestant • France Controlled appointments • Financial interest in Rome • Established Catholicism as state religion

8. Concordat of BolognaNegative Impact • Created disorder within the French Church • Ecclesiastical Offices used to pay and reward civil servants • Church men promoted to hierarchy • Not because special spiritual qualifications • Served the state • Bishops didn’t increase the intellectual and moral standards of the Parish Clergy • Priest do not pay attention to the needs of the Church

9. Charles V • Son of Philip the Handsome (son of HRE Maximilian)and Joanna of Castile • House of Habsburg of • the Habsburg Monarchy; • the House of Valois-Burgundy • of the Burgundian Netherlands; • The House of Trastámara of Crown • Castile-León & Aragon— • He ruled over extensive domains in Central, Western, and Southern Europe; and the Spanish colonies in North, Central, and South America, the Caribbean, and Asia.

10. Francis I ….Dies in 1559 Henry II • Daughter (13yrs) was to marry Charles V son, Philip II • Celebration of the couples marriage. • Marriage would bring France and the Spanish- Habsburgs together.

11. The French Wars of Religion • Henry II • Pursued Huguenots much more aggressively • Married to Catherine de’ Medici • Mortally wounded by a lance • 15 year old sick son ruled for a year until he died • Weak Monarchy

12. Francis II Comes to power after Francis I 15 years old and is Sick Dies within one year of being crowned.

13. Weak Monarchy • 3 Powerful families sought to control France • Sought to compete for the young mans Ear before he died • Bourbons = power lay in the South and west = Protestant (Louis) • Montmorency-Chatillons = Controlled the Center of France = Conde (coon-day) • Guise = Most powerful of the Three = Catholic Eastern France • Established control over the young king • Francis Duke of Guise = Henry II Brother and General

14. Appeal of Calvinism 354 • Opposed the Guise Dominated French Monarchy • Aristocrats • Discontented townspeople • joined Calvinist Churches in • Huguenots made up 1/5th of France’s Population • Held important geographical areas • Heavily represented among the powerful of French Society • 2/5th that become French Huguenots • Hoped to create a sovereign nation of Huguenots • Calvinism stopped the formation of a centralized government.

15. The French Wars of Religion Francis II dies in 1560 • Catherine De Medicis • Great Granddaughter of Lorenzo de Medicis • Ruled as regent for her son Charles IX • Did not like the Huguenots • Imprisoned • Tortured • executed

16. Start of the French Wars of Religion • Catherine unsuccessfully tried to reconcile the Protestant and Catholic issues • Feared the House of Guise (Catholic) • She tried to looked to make an alliance with the Protestants to have their support • Issue the January Edict • Guaranteed all Protestants have a right to practice religion publicly outside of town. Not in the town. • Wanted to gain support from Huguenots • The Duke of Guise Surprised a protestant congregations and massacred the worshipers. • Starts the French Religious Wars • Eventually Catherine came under the control of the Guise or Catholics

17. Francis Duke of Guise

18. The Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye • Duke of Guise was assassinated • Donde Of Bourbons dies = Power passed to Coligny (call-e-Knee) • More fighting occurred between • Catholics VS. Protestants • Ended the 3rd war of religions in France • The Crown acknowledged Protestantism • Granted the Huguenots religious freedoms within their territories

19. Queen Catherine sought to balance one side against the other. • She wanted a Catholic France • But feared the Guise • After the Piece of St. Germain-en-Laye • Crown support tilted to Bourbon Faction and the Huguenots • Coligny became Charles IX (leader of France) most trusted adviser

20. Unbeknown to Charles IX, Catherine plotted with the Guise against the Huguenots • She sought Guise’s support at the Protestant threat grew.