Age of Religious Wars

1. Age of Religious Wars And European Expansion

2. 1559—Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended the Hapsburg-Valois Wars • Spain: gained control of Italy

3. Phillip II centers political activity on Spain • Two catholic powers: France and Spain shift from fighting each other to fighting PROTESTANTS

4. Wars in 1500-1600s • Different than prior wars: • Armies bigger (up to 50,000) • Reorganized administration to finance armies • Use of gunpowder

5. Guns and cannons killed indiscriminately from a distance • Writers scorned gunpowder as coward’s weapon • Propaganda, pulpits, press

6. Origins of problems in France • Francis I (1515-1547) • Henry II (1547-1559) • Small, efficient councils • Great nobles governed provinces

7. Paris: magistrates exercised fiscal/judicial responsibilities • 1539: ordinance passed that made all of France responsible to royal courts: French the language of those courts

8. Taille—supported both monarchy and army • Tax base too small for French spending

9. (arts and foreign policy) • Louvre, Dreux Castle • Tuileries • Il Rosso—Fontainebleau • Mona Lisa purchased • Leonardo hired

10. Habsburg-Valois Wars expensive: • Taxes increased • Heavy borrowing • Sale of public offices—new hereditary nobility • Nobility of the Robe

11. Treaty with papacy: Concordat of Bologna • Pope head of council • France could appoint all bishops and abbots • Monarchy had power over Church until 1789 • Established Catholicism as French state religion

12. Results • French rulers no longer revolted against Rome • Disorder in French church • Church offices used as rewards • Intellectual/moral standards not elevated

13. Little attention to needs of laity • Protestant teaching spread • Luther’s ideas appeared in 1518

14. Calvin appears: 1536 • Wrote in French • Larger audience in France • Converts reformed-minded clergy • Middle class

15. Artisans • Paris, Lyons, Meaux, Grenolle • Many persecuted and burned, but 1/10 of French population became Calvinist

16. Religious Riots and Civil War in France 1559-1598 • 1559: Power shift from France to Spain: Henry II dies at marriage tournament • Daughter Elizabeth of Valois married Phillip II of Spain • Connects two Catholic powers

17. Because of monarchial weakness, 2/5-1/2 French nobles become Calvinist

18. Three families dominate Political scene: • Bourbon--Huguenots • Montmorency-Chatillons--Huguenots • Guise--Catholic

19. French Civil War • Two Sides: • Guise family led Catholics in north • Bourbons led Huguenots in south • Fighting for royal inheritance

20. Art and architecture: Catholic: Baroque Protestants plain and simple • Catholic: Baroque • Presented life in a grandiose three dimensional display of raw energy

21. Ornamentation, marble sculptures, columns, paintings • Protestants: plain and simple • Keep worshippers focused on sermon

22. 1560: conspiracy of Amboise: • Condemned by Calvin—Tactics are a disgrace to the reformation • Francis II dies in 1560 dies of ear infection • Charles IX (under the regency of Catherine de Medici)

23. January Edict 1562—Issued • Granted Protestants freedom to worship outside of towns, privately within

24. End of religious toleration in France • Sparks the beginning of the French Wars of Religion • Conde and Huguenot armies did not support Catherine de Medici

25. First War of Religion 1562-1563 • Begun by Massacre at Vassy in 1562 • Duke of Guise stopped in Vassy • Servants argued with Huguenots

26. Guise factions fired on unarmed Huguenots • Burned the church • Killed much of the congregation • Series of small battles/sieges follow • Duke of Guise assassinated

27. Second War 1567-1568 • Population of Huguenots increased in South • Catherine began two-year tour of the provinces w/Charles IX • Part of an effort to establish sense of unity w/nobility

28. Rumor that Catherine was planning w/Spain to exterminate the Huguenots caused them to attempt a coup • Another series of small battles/sieges • Result: more debt for crown/little changed

29. Third War (1568-1570) • Cardinal of Lorraine hatched a plot to overturn the peace and capture Conde and Coligny (protestant leaders) • Conde was killed

30. Coligny assumed leadership • Coligny met the Catholics at Moncoutour and was defeated • Regrouped his forces and defeated the royal army—deprived the crown of their chance to break the Protestant hold on the South

31. Crown racked up debt by keeping the army in the field and negotiated peace • 3rd war ended by Peace of Saint-Germain • Protestants could fortify cities • Granted religious freedom within territories

32. Returned confiscated properties • Results of Third War • Raised tensions between protestants and Catholics • Brought war, suffering to rural areas in South of France

33. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

34. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572 • Aug 17, 1572: Henri de Navarre married Margot de Valois • Festivities last until Aug. 23 • Aug 22: Admiral de Coligny shot by assassin

35. Suffers broken arm, severely wounded • Suspected the Guises • Huguenots wanted justice from King; and they wanted Coligny to flee

36. At the Louvre • Charles IX, Catherine de Medici, Henri d’Anjou decide to kill Coligny and Huguenots • Charles IX: “Well kill them all that no man be left to reproach me.”

37. Charles’ soldiers go to Coligny’s door; shot guard; ran through the house; dragged Coligny from bed—stabbed him thru/ threw body from window • Duc de Guise mocked the body/kicked in face/said it was King’s will

38. Militia/general population went on rampage, sanctioned by church and king: • Wore white crosses on hats • Butchered their neighbors • Killing lasted 3 days

39. Henri de Navarre • Slept in bridal suite in Louvre • His entourage of 40 Huguenots killed • Henri de Navarre/Henri de Conde dragged before King Charles IX and threatened w/death unless they converted to Catholicism

40. Both converted; Navarre became prisoner of court for 4 years • In Provinces: massacres lasted for months

41. Massacre Results • Generation of Huguenot leaders destroyed • Henri de Navarre prisoner • Conde eventually escapes to Germany • Andelot, Coligny’s brother, became exile in Switzerland

42. Protestant Church in France begins its decline • Protestants: abjured faith or became radicals • Profound distrust of king; unwillingness to disarm; upsurge in political rhetoric of resistance

43. 4th War (1572-1573) • La Rochelle: de facto capital of Protestants: refused to pay taxes to king b/c of massacre; refused to admit royal governor; • King Charles IX declared war in November

44. Army besieged La Rochelle in February • King’s army led by Henri d’Anjou and Henri de Navarre (as hostage)

45. La Rochelle: port city; easily resupplied by sea; nearly impregnable harbor; not easily reduced. • Result: High casualties on both sides • Royal treasury strained

46. Siege called off in May • Catherine de Medici had plans for Henry de Anjou: to ascend Polish throne • Treaty of La Rochelle: ends war; not advantageous to protestants.

47. 5th War (1576) • 1574--Charles IX died “sweating blood and tormented w/guilt for Massacre” • Henri d’Anjou, King of Poland, abdicates Polish throne and returns to France to claim French Throne as Henri III

48. Henri’s problems: • Conde raised troops, money, support from German princes • Feb 1576: Navarre escapes court to his own territory and raised and army.

49. Henri III’s brother, Duc d’Alencon, began anti-royalist campaign that portrayed himself as an alternate king: more fair and tax-cutting • They formed a strong alliance: Catherine de Medici could not counter it—20,000 troops invade France under Jan Casimir

50. Casimir’s troops met up w/additional armies and Catherine forced to negotiate. • Edict of Beaulieu (Peace of Monsieur) signed in May • Great settlements for leaders • Navarre made governor of Guyenne