Sequential Adaptive Multi-Modality Target Detection and Classification Using Physics-Based Models

1. Sequential Adaptive Multi-Modality Target Detection and Classification Using Physics-Based Models K. Sarabandi I. Koh, B. Lyons, H. Mosallaei, M. Casciato Radiation Laboratory The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122 saraband@eecs.umich.edu

2. Outline: • Motivation • Detection of targets camouflaged under foliage using multi-frequency, -polarization, -incidence angle SAR/INSAR sensors. • Physics-based scattering and propagation modeling of clutter • Model reduction (extraction of channel parameters) • Scattering models for hard targets under trees • High resolution SAR/INSAR image simulator • 3-D SAR at MMW for target detection and identification

3. Motivation • A reliable approach for detection and identification of targets camouflaged under foliage with an acceptable false alarm rate and probability of detection has not yet been developed. • Due to the complexity of the problem, i.e. • Signal attenuation, phase-front distortion, poor signal-to-clutter ratio, etc., single sensor approaches (optical, IR, radar) do not produce satisfactory results. • “Capable sensors” operating in diverse modality in conjunction with novel algorithms can drastically enhance FAR and PD. • Polarization diversity, Multi-frequency, Multi-static, Multi-incidence angle, Interferometric

4. Phenomenology of Wave Scattering & Propagation In Forest Satellite UAV receiver • Forest is a complex random medium composed of lossy scatterers arranged a semi-deterministic • Foliage cause significant attenuation, scattering, field fluctuation • To assess performance of radar sensors and target detection algorithms phenomenology of EM wave interaction with foliage must be understood. • Scattering from foliage (clutter) • Target is in the close proximity of many scatterers • Distortion of phase front and the scattered field from target • Signal level, fluctuations, polarization state, impulse response, spatial coherence etc. depend on: • Tree density • Tree type • Tree height and structure

5. 3D Tree Generation • Lindenmayer systems allow generation of complex tree structure using only a few parameters • An algorithm based on self-similarity • Gross structure: columnar, excurrent, decurren • Biophysical parameters include tree height, trunk diameter(dbh) and branching angle Tree structure G = G(V,,P) Axiom  = X Productions: p1: X FF{-X}F{++X}F{+X}{-X} p2: F FF

6. rb ra r0 • Tree Type: Coniferous and Deciduous • Inclusion of Botanical Information • – Tapering in Length and Diameter • *Law of conservation of cross section area • – Stochastic Processing • – Leaf Arrangement • • Computer Implementation • – Tree DNA generation and structure visualization • Forest stand generation and visualization • (scaling and view angle) r02 = ra2 + rb2 Red Maple Red Pine

7. Put Matts stuff here Fractal tree details GUI Still scenario Movie Tree generation graphical user interface The Radiation Laboratory

8. Scene Generation and Visualization • Land cover • DEM • Tree stand placement • Vehicles, transmitter, and receiver placement

9. Propagation & Scattering Model for Forest Canopies • Scattering from discrete scatterers- Trunk: stratified dielectric cylinder- Branch: homogeneous dielectric cylinder- Leaf: dielectric disk or needle- Ground: layered dielectric half-space • Single Scattering is invoked • Four Scattering Mechanisms are included Height Attenuation rate NP/m Rough Interface

10. Source or Observation Point in the Forest • Near-field calculation is required • Approximate analytical formulations for near-field scattering from branches and tree trunks are derive. • Coherent summation of scattered field from all tree components. (Coherence is important at S-band and lower) E i E s E d E r Single scattering theory Interaction among tree structures are ignored.

12. 45 Backscattering Coefficient of Red Pine Forest 150 trees & 100 realization. Density: 0.1/m2 Red pine Tree height: 15.3 m Crown Height: 9.5 m

13. attenuation dispersion attenuation Time-Domain Response at a FDTD Grid Point Frequency: 30MHz – 100MHz 10 trees are considered. Dielectric constants: 21.7 + i14.6 for branch 9.8 + i1.7 for ground. Height of tree: 15m, Diameter of trunk: 22cm. 45o Incidence angle. Note: Small effect of forest

14. Ez Ez V/m V/m Severe distortion due to trees & Dispersion Time[ns] Time[ns] Time-domain Response Observation point is 1m above the ground inside a pine forest. v-pol. wave is incident at 40o, and BW 1GHz (1GHz – 2GHz).

15. h-pol. or v-pol. including all interactions Interaction of Foliage and Target Hybrid Frequency/Time-Domain Simulations • Using the forest model, calculate time domain response of several trees in the proximity of the target at FDTD grids on a box (excitation). 2.Using FDTD, compute scattering from the target on the same grid points.

16. Hybrid Frequency/Time-Domain Simulations (Cont.) • To calculate the interaction between the target and the forest, reciprocity theorem is used. After exchanging observation & source points, use the previously calculated scattering property of the forest to obtain the final backscattering result. Observation point exchanging Source point Note: Using this procedure, interaction between forest & target is taken account into up to first order.

17. Validation of Hybrid Frequency/Time-Domain Modeling (x) (z) Validation A 2x2x2 FDTD mesh is used to model free space within the forest (in the absence of any vehicles). The same problem is solved by a pure MoM code. Results of the two methods are in excellent agreement. A FDTD box around the observation point (y) 2x2x2 FDTD mesh and electric field component that is plotted in the figure on the right. FDTD simulation parameters : Dx = Dy = Dz = 0.3 m Dt = 0.314 nsec

18. Bistatic Scattering From HUMVEE Discretized HUMVEE for FDTD Analysis z Ei x 400 y

19. Preliminary Results Current Distribution over the HUMVEE

20. Field Distribution On the FDTD Box(2 GHz) h-pol. incidence v-pol. incidence Note : Considerable distortion due to trees.

21. Macromodeling of Field Statistics – Mean Field • Mean Field at receiver is of the form: • Functional to macromodel mean field should be of similar form such as Prony’s exponential series expansion: • According to Foldy’s approximation a < S > in forward direction, remembering:

22. Pine Forest - Mean Field i = 45o <EThy> Simulated Data Macromodel Prony’s order = 3 <ETvx> <ETvz>

23. Model reduction: Field STD • Standard deviation is a smooth function of f • It is therefore possible to macromodel the standard deviation with a functional in the form of a Taylor series polynomial: std(Etvx) std(Ethy) std(Etvz)

24. a = 1.07 a = 1.58 v-pol. h-pol. 1 1 Calculated 1/(1+ ax) Calculated 1/(1+ ax) 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 -5 0 5 0 l -5 0 5 l Model Reduction: Spatial Correlation Spatial Correlation Note: Since observation line is inside the shadow region, field should be highly correlated. Observation line

25. Michigan SAR Image Simulator Geometry HH Polarization VV Polarization Direction of Flight Increasing Range 0dBsm Point Target 0dBsm Point Target

26. Future Works • Use physics-based model for generating synthetic multi-modal data • Statistics of clutter scattering and channel (Monte Carlo simulations) • Hard target interaction with foliage (model reduction) • Improvement of Forest Model Accuracy • Including the effects of near-field multiple scattering among vegetation components. • Hard target model reduction (scattering centers) • Implement hybrid foliage/hard target interaction. • Improve computation time: Parallel processing

27. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 50 Km X-band 225 Km C-band Swath Width