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Cardiovascular System

Learn about the structure and function of the cardiovascular system, including the heart, blood vessels, and circulation. Discover how the heart works as a double pump and the importance of valves and blood flow. Understand the role of the ECG, cardiac conduction, and regulation of the cardiac cycle. Explore the different types of blood cells and their functions, as well as the process of hemostasis and blood clotting.

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Cardiovascular System

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  1. Cardiovascular System heart and blood vessels

  2. Systemic Circulation – delivers blood to all body cells and carries away waste Pulmonary Circulation – eliminates carbon dioxide and oxygenates blood (lung pathway)

  3. Heart Size – about 14 cm x 9 cm (the size of a fist). Located in the mediastinum (space between lungs, backbone, sternum), between the 2nd rib and the 5th intercostal space. The distal end of the heart is called the apex. Structure of the Heart

  4. Fibrous Pericardium encloses the heart (like a bag) and has 2 layers • visceral pericardium (inner) • and parietal pericardium (outer, attached to diaphragm, sternum and vertebrae)

  5. Pericardial cavity – contains fluid for the heart to float in, reducing friction • Wall of the Heart • Epicardium – outer layer, reduces friction • Myocardium – middle layer, mostly cardiac muscle • Endocardium – thin inner lining, within chambers of the heart

  6. Your heart is a double pump. Circulation is a double circuit: Pulmonary (lungs only) and systemic (rest of the body) • Heart has 4 chambers: Heart Chambers & Valves

  7. 2 Atria – thin upper chambers that receive blood returning to the heart through veins.. Right and Left Atrium • 2 Ventricles – thick, muscular lower chambers. Receive blood from the atria above them. Force (pump) blood out of the heart through arteries. Right and left ventricle. • Septum – separates the right and left sides of the heart

  8. Valves of the Heart – allow one-way flow of blood. 4 total • (2 Atrioventricular Valves (AV) & 2 Semilunar valves)

  9. Left Atrioventricular valve – also called the bicuspid valve or mitral valve. Between left atrium and ventricle • Right Atrioventricular valve – also called the tricuspid valve. Between right atrium and ventricle • Aortic Semilunar – or just aortic valve. Between the left ventricle and the aorta • Pulmonary Semilunar, or just pulmonary valve. Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

  10. Path of Blood Flow

  11. Cardiac Cycle: One complete heartbeat. The contraction of a heart chamber is called systole and the relaxation of a chamber is called diastole. Heart Actions

  12. The cusps (flaps) of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are anchored to the ventricle walls by fibrous “cords” called chordae tendineae, which attach to the wall by papillary muscles. This prevents the valves from being pushed up into the atria during ventricular systole.

  13. P Wave – depolarization of the atria (atrial contraction – systole) • QRS Complex – depolarization of the ventricles (ventricular contraction, systole) • T Wave – Repolarization of the ventricles ECG – electrocardiogram – a recording of the electrical events (changes) during a cardiac cycle (heartbeat). Heart Sounds – opening and closing of the valves, flow of blood into and out of the chambers, vibrations in muscle

  14. Each one of the figures represents an ECG pattern displaying three types of abnormal rhythms: Tachycardia, Bradycardia, and Arrhymthmia. Identify each. Analyze an ECG

  15. S-A Node Junctional Fibers A-V Node A-V Bundle Perkinje Fibers Cardiac Conduction

  16. controlled by the cardiac center within the medulla oblongata. The cardiac center signals heart to increase or decrease its rate according to many factors that the brain constantly monitors. Regulation of Cardiac Cycle Muscle Activity Body Temperature Blood ion levels (potassium & calcium)

  17. Blood transports substances and maintains homeostasis in the body BLOOD

  18. Three Types of Blood Cells red blood cells (erythrocytes)white blood cells (leukocytes)platelets (thrombocytes) HEMATOPOEISIS – formation of blood cells (bone marrow) Liver & Spleen - phagocytosis

  19. Elements Critical to RBC Production Folic Acid Vitamin B12 Iron • Too few RBC = anemia

  20. Oxygen Levels Oxyhemoglobin = plenty of oxygen; bright red Deoxyhemoglobin = low in O2, “bluish red”

  21. WHITE BLOOD CELLS(Leukocytes) Granulocytes (granular cytoplasm) Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils Agranulocytes (lacking granular cytoplasm) Monocytes, Lymphocytes General function is to protect the body against disease There are several different kinds of WBCs

  22. Active phagocytes 60% of WBC Present in the pus of wounds Neutrophil (nucleus has several lobes)

  23. Produces Heparin and Histamines Important in Inflammatory Reaction 1% WBC Basophil

  24. Mainly attack parasites 2% WBC Eosinophil

  25. Monocyte (larger cell, horseshoe shaped nucleus) Become macro-phages

  26. Lymphocyte(nucleus is dark and takes up almost whole cell; almost no cytoplasm seen) Defense against invaders Yield Antibodies 30% WBC

  27. Platelets (thrombocytes) Blood clots and vessel repair

  28. Plasma Proteins Albumins – blood pressure Globulins (alpha, beta, gamma) – transport lipids and antibodies for immunity Fibrinogen – important for blood clotting Fibrogen • Fibrin

  29. HEMOSTASIS The process of stopping bleeding Involves the coagulation and clotting of the blood to seal the site of damage

  30. THROMBUS – blood clot (abnormal) EMBOLUS – when the clot moves to another place.

  31. Iron-Deficiency Anemia (most common) • Aplastic Anemia – bone marrow does not produce enough RBC • Hemorrhagic anemia – due to extreme blood loss • Pernicious anemia – B12 deficiency • Sickle Cell Anemia (genetic) ANEMIA

  32. Type of cancer • Overproduction of immature white blood cells • They take the place of RBCs • Treatable with bone marrow transplants, chemothemotherapy, radiation Leukemia

  33. sometimes called "mono" or "the kissing disease," is an infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV is very common, and many people have been exposed to the virus at some time in childhood. Infectious mononucleosis

  34. An infection enters the blood stream • Can be deadly • Treated with antibiotics Blood poisoning - Septicemia

  35. Low production of Platelets • Causing bleeding or bruising Thrombocytopenia

  36. In newborns, caused by the liver not functioning fully • Secretes bilirubin into the blood causing the yellow color • Exposure to flourescent lights (bili lights) will break down the substance Jaundice

  37. Genetic Disorder • Abnormally shaped blood cells • Parents can be carriers (asymptomatic) SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

  38. Complications • Pain • Lethargy • Lifelong anemia (low red blood count) • Organ failure • Stroke

  39. This disorder causes a failure of the blood to clot Patients can be treated with blood transfusions that include clotting agents. HEMOPHILIA

  40. 4 Possible Blood Types Alleles: A, B, O A & B are codominant O is recessive Blood Type is Controlled by 3 Alleles

  41. Genotypes

  42. A person can either be Rh + or Rh – (positive is dominant) Rh Factor

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