Blood Typing: Practice and Review

1. Blood Typing: Practice and Review By: Jennifer Ford

2. Audience • 9th & 10th graders • Biology I (“normal” level) • Middle/lower class rural community • Child who needs extra help with the subject and/or extra practice with basic computer skills.

3. Environment • Student working individually • Computer lab or library • During study hall or after school

4. Objectives • Students will be able to identify the phenotype of an individual’s blood from the genotype and possible genotypes given the phenotype with 80% accuracy using only the PowerPoint. • Students will be able to identify dominant and recessive blood type alleles with 80% accuracy using only the PowerPoint. • Students will be able to identify possible parent/offspring combinations based on blood type with 80% accuracy using only the PowerPoint.

5. Menu Remember to complete all sections before taking the quiz! ABOBloodGroups Rh Blood Groups Dominance Inheritance Quiz Exit

6. ABO Blood Groups What the letters mean

7. You may have heard people talking about their blood types using letters like A, B, O, or even AB. Let’s learn what these letters mean! Pay attention…there will be a quiz at the end.

8. The letters A, B and O refer to antigens, small molecules present on the surface of red blood cells. • For example: Type A blood has type A antigens.

9. People without A antigens in their blood develop anti-A antibodies which trap cells with A antigens. • Type O blood has no antigens, so it makes antibodies to A AND B antigens. • Type AB blood has A AND B antigens, so it makes no antibodies.

10. Let’s Practice! What antigens are present in a person with type O blood? A B O None Both

11. GreatJob! A person with type O blood has no antigens on their blood cells!

12. Oops! That’s not quite right. Go back and try again.

13. What antibodies are present in a person with type B blood? Anti-A None Anti-O Anti-B Both Anti-A and Anti-B

14. Great Job! A person with type B blood would have anti-A antibodies! Rh Blood Groups Menu Exit

15. Oops! That’s not quite right. Go back and try again.

16. Rh Blood Groups &

17. No specific blood type is labeled with only letters. Blood types are either positive (+) or negative (-).

18. In addition to A and B antigens, some cells have Rh antigens. • These are called Rh+ cells. • Cells without these antigens are called Rh-. • Genotypes ++ and +- are Rh+ • Genotype – is Rh-.

19. Let’s Practice! Would an individual with Rh genotype +- have Rh+ blood or Rh- blood? Rh+ Rh-

20. Great Job! A person with Rh genotype +- would have Rh+ blood! Dominance Menu Exit

21. Oops! That’s not quite right. Go back and try again.

22. Dominance

23. Genes come in 3 forms: • Dominant Genes: when present, display phenotype no matter what. • Recessive Genes: when present, display phenotype only when no dominant gene is present. • Blue jeans: cover your legs. • We will discuss the first two forms.

24. Dominant alleles, written as uppercase letters, show their phenotype even if only 1 allele is present. • If an individual has 1 dominant and 1 recessive allele, the characteristics of the dominant allele are seen. • If the individual has two different types of dominant alleles, both phenotypes are seen. • XX, Xx genotypes => X phenotype. • XY genotype => both X and Y phenotype

25. Recessive alleles, written as lowercase letters, show their phenotype only if no dominant allele is present. • This means that only if TWO copies of the recessive allele are present will the phenotype be seen. • xx => recessive (x) trait seen • Xx => dominant (X) trait seen

26. In ABO blood groups, the A and B alleles are dominant. • The O allele, sometimes written as (i) is recessive. • AA, Ai => type A blood • BB, Bi => type B blood • AB => type AB blood • ii => type O blood

27. In the Rh blood groups, the Rh+ allele, written (+), is dominant. • The Rh- allele, written (-), is recessive. • ++, +- => Rh+ • -- => Rh-

28. The alleles for the ABO and Rh groups are independent which means all combinations are possible: • AA++, AA+-, AA--, Ai++, Ai+-, Ai- - • BB++, BB+-, BB--, Bi++, Bi+-, Bi- - • AB++, AB+-, AB--, ii++, ii+-, ii--

29. Let’s Practice! If a person has type A+ blood, which of the following is NOT a possible genotype? AA+- Ai++ AB++ Ai+-

30. Great Job! A person with AB++ genotype would have AB+ blood, not A+ blood! Inheritance Menu Exit

31. Oops! That’s not quite right. Go back and try again.

32. Inheritance

33. Like other genetic traits, out blood type is inherited from our parents.

34. We inherit 1 ABO allele and 1 Rh allele from each of our parents, thus each person has 2 alleles for each group. • Remember: our parents cannot give us alleles they do not have, so a parent with type A+ blood cannot pass on a B allele. They could, however, pass on an i or Rh- allele if they have one.

35. Let’s practice! If a woman has type O blood, can one of her parents have type AB blood? Yes No Can’t Tell

36. Oops! That’s not quite right. Go back and try again.

37. Great Job! A woman with type O blood has two i alleles, one from each parent. A parent with AB blood has no i alleles to pass on. Quiz Menu Exit

38. Quiz Directions • Using a piece of paper, record the number of problems you answered correctly. • You must answer 8 out of 10 correctly.

39. Question 1: What is the phenotype of an individual with genotype Ai++? A+ O+ A- O-

40. Oops! A type Ai++ individual would have type A+ blood.

41. Great Job!

42. Question 2: What is the phenotype of an individual with genotype AB+-? A+ B+ AB+ AB-

43. Oops! A type AB+- individual would have AB+ blood.

44. Great Job!

45. Question 3: Which genotype is NOT possible for a person with type A- blood? Ai-- AA-- Ai+- AB--

46. Oops! A person with genotype Ai+- would have A+ blood, not A-.

47. Great Job!

48. Question 4: Which genotype is NOT possible for an individual with AB+ blood? AB++ AB+- AB--

49. Oops! An individual with a AB- - genotype would have AB- blood, not AB+.

50. Great Job!