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Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte. Libertyville HS. Napoleon Seized Power. 1799: asked to join conspiracy to overthrow Directory Why was Napoleon asked? Very popular general Brought with the loyalty of the Army Coup successful; replaced Directory with Consulate

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Napoleon Bonaparte

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  1. Napoleon Bonaparte Libertyville HS

  2. Napoleon Seized Power • 1799: asked to join conspiracy to overthrow Directory • Why was Napoleon asked? • Very popular general • Brought with the loyalty of the Army • Coup successful; replaced Directory with Consulate • 1801: Napoleon became “First Consul” for life (dictator)

  3. Reforms of “Consul Napoleon” • Improved schools • Clarified tax code • Built new roads • Established new law code • Code Napoleon • Introduced Enlightenment principles into legal system • Sold French lands in America to American government

  4. The Louisiana Purchase (1803) • Napoleon had plan to defeat British in Carribbean • BUT French troops sent to Haiti, were defeated • Napoleon realized he couldn’t defend US lands so he offered to sell to US for $0.03 per acre • No one knew how big it was!

  5. Emperor Napoleon • Crowned self emperor, in 1805 • Claimed to want to prevent Bourbon (royal family) from re-establishing monarchy • Hypocritical? • Napoleon went on to conquer most of Europe • Power hungry conqueror or enlightenment liberator? • In states he conquered, he set up constitutions, law codes, abolished feudalism, fostered education, etc.

  6. Emperor Napoleon • “I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all regardless of religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I purified the Revolution.”

  7. Napoleonic Wars, 1805-12 • 1805: Coalition of Britain, Austria & Russia vs. France formed • Austria, Russia attacked from East • Battle of Austerlitz (1805) • Napoleon ordered invasion of England • Spanish, French fleet defeated by Brits at Trafalgar (1805)

  8. NW: Continental System • Attempt to create a Europe wide boycott of English goods, trade • Hurt English economy • Hurt European economy • Ultimately unsuccessful

  9. Napoleonic Wars • 1806-07: Another anti-French coalition formed: Prussia, Russia, England • French conquered Prussians, defeat Russians • France took over, ended HRE • Napoleon and Czar Alexander I • Decide to split up (Partition) Poland • Ended Holy Roman Empire Partition of 1795; Napoleon took the “Prussia” and “Austria” parts in 1807

  10. NW: Peninsular War, 1808-1812 • Portugal wouldn’t take part in Continental System • Napoleon asked Spain to invade Portugal; they refused • Napoleon invaded Spain • Brits supported Spain, Portugal with money, weapons and troops • Guerrilla warfare • War tied down several hundred thousand troops

  11. Napoleonic Wars: Invasion of Russia (1812-13) • Russia stopped taking part in Continental System AND started massing troops on French / Polish border • Napoleon invaded Russia w/ ½ million men • Russians retreated: “Scorched Earth” policy • French captured Moscow • “General Winter” • Losses • French lost over 90% of army • Russians lost about 300,000 troops and several 100,000 civilians

  12. Retreat and Abdication • Napoleon continued to fight, but his empire fell apart • Coalition against France: Russia, Prussia, England, Spain, Portugal • Napoleon fought, but outnumbered 5 to 1 • Gave unconditional surrender, 4/11/14 • French royalists restored Louis XVII to throne • Napoleon exiled to Elba

  13. “The Hundred Days” • Napoleon returned to France after hearing a rumor he was to be moved to different island • March on Paris: 5th regiment under Ney story • King Louis XVII fled, and Napoleon began raising a new army

  14. Battle of Waterloo (1815) • Separate English & Prussian armies were in Belgium • Napoleon attacked Prussians, pushing them back • Turned on British, who were led by Duke of Wellington • British ground down French until Prussians showed up

  15. Exile and Death • Napoleon exiled to St. Helena, a small island off coast of Africa • Died in 1821 • Legacy • One of the greatest military leaders, ever • Promoted growth of centralized European state • Spread enlightenment ideas throughout Europe • Stimulated nationalist movements throughout Europe

  16. Congress of Vienna • Meeting of all European countries to redraw map of Europe • Major powers of meeting: Austria, England, Russia & Prussia - & France! • Goals • Organize lasting peace • Contain, but don’t punish, France • Restore legit rulers

  17. Congress of Vienna • Significance of Congress • Avoided a major European war for 100 years • Represented a conservative reaction to French Revolution • Peace and stability were exchanged for liberty, civil rights of French Rev. • Good trade?

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