Napoleon Bonaparte

1. Napoleon Bonaparte From The Little Corporal to the Emperor of France

2. French Revolution Symbols Tri Color. Red and Blue the symbols of Paris. White the symbol of the monarchy. Liberty Cap Tree of Liberty Guillotine

3. French Revolution Slogan • Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite • Liberty—natural rights of man. • Equality—All men are born equal and have equal rights. No special privileges for birthright. • Fraternity—brotherhood. The brotherhood of humanity. Working together • WRITE THESE ON YOUR BADGE

4. Napoleon’s impact on Culture • Empire Style • Egyptology • Rosetta Stone • Egyptian style in dress • Utilization of Propaganda • Ingres and David • Napoleon as Emperor • Inspired artists • Beethoven’s “Heroica”

5. Napoleon’s Background • Born on the island of Corsica. Was a French citizen although spoke French with an Italian accent. • Sent to military school at a young age. • Due to his birth could never rise above corporal. • The French Revolution opened up a military career for him. (Levee En Masse)

6. Music • This is Beethoven’s 3rd Symphony. • Originally it was dedicated to Napoleon. • Many in Europe admired his rise to power • After he conquered Germany, Beethoven rededicated it to a Hero. It is now called “Eroica”

7. Napoleon in the Military • Saved the Directory with a “whiff of Grapeshot”. Famed for artillery. • Led the French Army in Italy and Spain. Defeated the Austrians numerous times. • Egyptian campaign against the British was a propaganda coup (although his army lost) • Became a general in the army. Gained fame and notoriety as a result of his success.

9. Rise to Power • Staged a coup of the Directory along with 2 others (Sieyes being one). • 1799 wrote the Constitution of Year VIII (from 1792) giving Napoleon almost total power. • He is a commoner who has risen to become the leader of France. • War breaks out with the 2nd Coalition (Austria, Russia and GB)

10. David: Crossing St. Bernard Pass Major propaganda for Napoleon Names engraved in the rocks Charlemagne Hannibal Bonaparte

11. Emperor of France • 1802 made first consul for life—wrote a new constitution. • 1804 after an alleged coup attempt by the Bourbons (untrue)—went to the people and asked to be made Emperor of the French. They approved. • Pope invited to officially coronate Napoleon. Napoleon crowned himself.

12. Napoleon’s coronation of Josephine

13. Napoleonic Code • 1802—Drafted a new code of civil law. • Safeguarded all forms of property (Bourgeoisie). • Emphasized equality based on merit. Old privileges still abolished. • Limited rights of women--Family Monarch Fathers/husbands had absolute power over families. • Firmly assured the gains of the Revolution

14. Domestic Policies • Concordat of 1801—made peace with the Catholic Church. • Clergy resigned—became state appointed but approved by papacy. • Pope gets Papal states but loses permanently their lost land in France. • Government pays French clergy salaries (including some Rabbis and Protestants)

15. Domestic Policies continued • Established the Bank of France • “Damn Sugar, Damn Coffee, Damn Colonies” Sold Louisiana to US for $15 million—too much trouble keeping colonies.

16. Continental System (Berlin Decrees) • After numerous wars with the British Napoleon tried to set up a blockade of all British goods into Europe. • Needed a navy to enforce it (Trafalgar). • The Milan Decree extended it to neutral nations. • Hurt Europeans economies more than British. Very unpopular.

17. Other interesting information • Placed his family on the thrones of many countries in Europe. Kings of Holland, Spain, Westphalia. Son became King of Rome. • Major propagandist—Jacques Louis David and Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres.

18. Napoleon and “rights” • Press censorship—went from 64 to 4 newspapers during his reign. • Fouche was his enforcer early in his reign • France became a strong police state

19. Napoleon’s Symbols • The Bee--Symbol of immortality and resurrection, the bee was chosen so as to link the new dynasty to the very origins of France. Golden bees (in fact, cicadas) were discovered in 1653 in the tomb of Childeric I, founder in 457 of the Merovingian dynasty and father of Clovis. They were considered as the oldest emblem of the sovereigns of France. Hard Workers--Middle class • The Eagle-- symbol of imperial Rome, Jupiter's bird, was associated from the earliest antiquity with military victory. The day after the coronation, Napoleon had an eagle placed at the top of the shaft of every flag in the Napoleonic army.

20. Imperial Coat of Arms

21. Great Victories • Napoleon defeated the 1st and 2nd coalition. • In 3rd coalition his greatest battle was Austerlitz (1805). Defeated Austria and Russia. Dissolved the HRE and set up the Confederation of the Rhine • Treaty of Tilsit—defeated Prussia 1807.

22. Battle of Austerlitz

23. Military Failures • Peninsular War (1808-9)—attempted to gain control of Spain and Portugal. Resorted to brutal tactics. See Below. Third of May by Goya • Battle of Nations (Leipzig)—1813—back to France

24. Trafalgar Napoleon’s Navy vs. Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson.

25. Invasion of Russia • Alexander I was Tsar of Russia. Initially a rival to Napoleon but once Napoleon gained control of Europe became allies. • Alexander refused to support the Continental system. • 1812 Napoleon’s army of 600,000 invaded Russia. Russian’s retreated—scorched earth policy—leave nothing of value behind. • 30 miles from Moscow—Battle of Borodino—Russians finally fight. Mainly a draw but Russians withdraw to Moscow.

26. Russian Invasion Part 2 • By October, French Army in burned Moscow and winter approached • Supply lines cut and French army forced to retreat. As the army retreated the Russian army began fighting them. Army eventually reduced to about 60,000 due to desertion and death.

27. Music • This is the 1812 Overture by Tchaikovsky. • It was written later in the 19th century. • Do you hear “La Marseillaise”? Do you hear the Russian anthem? • Nationalism and Romanticism

28. 100 Days and Waterloo • After defeat to Russians and at Leipzig (Nations), Napoleon forced to abdicate in April 1814. Sent to exile in Elba under protection of British. • In Spring of 1815, Napoleon escaped and put together an army in France to reclaim throne. (Return when violets bloom) • Ruled for 100 days until he was defeated by a coalition of British, Prussian, Russian and Austrian Troops at Waterloo • Exiled to St. Helena until his death in 1821.

29. Napoleonic Legacy • Was Napoleon a success or a failure? • Was Napoleon an “Enlightened Despot” or a Machiavellian Dictator? • Did he help or hurt the aims of the French Revolution?