Introduction to Exercise Science

1. Introduction to Exercise Science KNR 164

2. Self-reflection questions • In your own words, how would you describe the field of exercise science? • Why did you choose exercise science as a major? • What previous experiences have lead to your interest in the field of exercise science? • What personal qualities do you possess that you believe make exercise science a good career choice? • What sort of careers might someone obtaining an exercise science degree be prepared for? • What career path or paths are you considering? In other words, what are your career objectives/goals? [Think in terms of what you plan to be doing: (a) right after graduation, (b) 5 years post graduation, (c) 10+ years post graduation.] • What types of experiences do you think will help you achieve your objectives/goals?

3. Self-reflection questions • What sort of knowledge, skills, and abilities do you think will be important to develop in order to successfully meet your career objectives/goals? • How do you think an exercise science degree from ISU will help you achieve your objectives/goals? In other words, what do you want to get out of the program and what should the degree do for you? • What specific questions are you interesting in answering through your classes and experiences while at ISU (e.g., What is the most effective training protocol to build muscular strength and endurance in high school athletes?)? • Beyond your basic degree requirements, what other steps/actions do you plan to take to help achieve your objectives/goals?

4. Basic Definition of Exercise Science (ES) • ES is an academic discipline or field devoted to the study and understanding of human movement • ES “refers to the application of science to the phenomenon of exercise” (Brown, 2001, p. 6) • exercise refers to all human movement (?) • application of science refers to fact that ES uses scientific principles from many parent disciplines and rigorous scientific inquiry within sub disciplines to develop knowledge about movement

6. Subdisciplines of ES • ES requires contributions from many sub disciplines • “movement” is explored scientifically from every conceivable vantage point through the sub disciplines • these are the “science” components of ES within which the body of knowledge is described, studied, and expanded • together this knowledge makes up ES

7. Subdisciplines of ES (Kinesiology) • philosophy of physical activity • history of physical activity • sociology of physical activity • motor behavior • exercise and sport psychology • biomechanics • physiology of physical activity According to Hoffman ( 2009)

8. Subdisciplines of ES (Kinesiology) • exercise physiology • clinical exercise physiology • nutrition • motor control and learning • psychology • biomechanics • athletic training and sports medicine According to Pottieger ( 2011)

9. Subdisciplines of ES • exercise physiology • sport nutrition • epidemiology • clinical exercise physiology • clinical biomechanics • sport biomechanics • athletic training • exercise and sport psych • motor behavior • sport history • sport sociology According to Brown (2001)

10. Subdisciplines of ES • exercise physiology and biochemistry • biomechanics • motor learning and control • sports medicine • exercise and sport psychology Other Distinctions (e.g., Kamen, 2001)

11. Important Points • no consensus on which sub disciplines count • other possible sub-disciplines include: sports literature, sports art, exercise biochemistry, sports physiology, sport pedagogy (physical education), adapted physical education, sports management • key is that any area of study (discipline or sub discipline) that can add to understanding of movement is valuable to ES (see Figure 1-2)

13. Discipline Name? • debate over past 20 years about the proper name for the field • examples include: • exercise and sport sciences • movement sciences • kinesiology • exercise science • human performance • movement and sport sciences

14. Organization at Illinois State University School ofKinesiology and Recreation • Majors: • Athletic Training • Exercise Science • Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) • Major: • Recreation and Park Administration (RPA) • Sequences (within RPA): • Recreation Management • Therapeutic Recreation

15. Exercise Science vs. Physical Education Exercise Science Physical Education • Discipline devoted to the scientific study of human movement • Discipline devoted to investigating how the teaching process can be most effectively used to acquire motor skills Illustration of Differences JTPE vs. MSSE vs. RQES

21. Important Points • sister disciplines • both interested in movement • distinct research topics

22. History and Growth of ES • readings describes some prominent figures and periods in development of ES • most argue that ES as a distinct discipline really begins to emerge in the 1960s and 1970s • Table 1.1 (Brown, 2001) • Figure 1.13 (Hoffman & Harris, 2000) See next 2 slides

25. Growth in Kinesiology as an academic discipline • http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2010/08/11/kinesiology

26. Important Points – adaptation/growth • Adaptation: • ES as a whole and the individual subdisciplines are constantly undergoing change (e.g., sport and exercise psychology) • Growth: • emerging consensus of physical activity as a key “health behavior” should benefit field (e.g., paradigm shift in Sidelight 19.2)

28. Exercise Science as a Profession • characteristic of an occupation • workers in a “professional” role… • master complex skills that are grounded in and guided by systematic theory and research • perform services for others known as clients or patients • are granted a monopoly by the community to supply certain services to its members • are guided by formal and informal ethical codes intended to preserve the health and well-being of the clients • ranges on a continuum

32. Exercise Science as a Profession • Criteria for a “profession” • intellectual pursuit and responsible actions • knowledge base derived from science and research • practice involves the use of practical skills – not solely academic skills • representative professional organization • high level of communication within members of good standing • altruism Flexner as cited in Brown (2001)

33. ES Professionals Should Know… • what a profession is • the type of work professionals do • how one gains entry to and acceptance in a profession • the obligations of professionals • the most important factors to consider in preparing for a career in the ES–related professions

34. Training Exercise Science Professionals • typically within liberal arts and sciences • course work in physical activity • course work in theoretical and applied theoretical knowledge in exercise science and kinesiology • course work in professional practice knowledge and skills for particular professions • internship experiences at the worksite

35. Exercise Science at ISU • ISU general education requirements • kinesiology core • major coursework • professional practice (internships) experiences • cognate hours (see handout in Blackboard)

36. Exercise Science at ISU • Kinesiology Core (20 hrs.) • KNR 180 – First aid • KNR 181 – Human anatomy and physiology – I • KNR 182 – Human anatomy and physiology – II • KNR 240 – Principles and applications of fitness • KNR 254 – Social-psychological perspectives of PA • KNR 257 – Motor learning and performance • KNR 280 – Exercise physiology • KNR 282 – Biomechanics of human movement

37. Exercise Science at ISU • Major Course Work (18 hrs.) • KNR 164 – Introduction to exercise science • KNR 154.40 – Stress management instructional methods • KNR 285 – Resistance training instructional methods • KNR 286 – Group exercise instructional methods • KNR 307 – Exercise in health and disease • KNR 308 – Exercise programming • KNR 309 – Principles & techniques in physiological testing • KNR 310 – Fitness management

38. Exercise Science at ISU • Major Course Work – Professional Practice • KNR 298.10 – Professional Practice (2 hrs) • general students • pre-professional students • KNR 378.10 – Seminar in Professional Practice (2 hrs) • KNR 398.11 – Professional Practice Internship (10 hrs) • general students • pre-professional students

41. Exercise Science at ISU • Examples of Senior Internship Sites • Steadman-Hawkins Clinic (Vail, Frisco, CO) • Institute for Aerobics Research (Cooper Institute, Dallas TX) • Kennedy Space Center (Orlando, FL) • Sears, Kraft, East Bank Health Clubs • Chicago Bears, Chicago Cubs • US Olympic Training Center (Colorado Springs, CO) • American Heart Association (Dallas, TX, & others) • Others (see internship site handout in blackboard)

42. Exercise Science at ISU • Cognate Area (15 hrs.) • Pre-professional (PT, OT, Chiropractic) • Biomechanics • Clinical (diseased populations) • Nutrition • Sport and exercise psychology • Technology • Administration/Business • Aging • Research

45. Disciplinary vs. Professional Concerns Disciplinary Concerns • Discipline – function is to develop a coherent body of knowledge that describes, explains, and predicts key phenomenon • Profession – function is to improve conditions of society by providing regulated services in accordance with the knowledge available from one or more disciplines Exercise Science Discipline Development of facts, theories, principles, and laws Exercise Science Professions Provides questions, problems, observations, needs, and confirmations Professional Concerns