Part 2. Imperialism in Africa

1. Part 2. Imperialism in Africa

2. Part 2. Imperialism in Africa • Modernization in Egypt • Defensive Modernization: “modernize or be colonized” • Mohammad Ali: Turkish general who took control of Egypt from the Turkish sultan (before the Europeans could get to it…) • Forced modernizations: • Nationalized cotton crops • Trained modern army • Europeanized cities

3. Ottoman Empire & the Suez Canal Modernization Project

4. Modernization in Egypt • Ali’s grandson Ismael took over and continued efforts • Financed Suez Canal with cotton • High Prices due to US Civil War • Overstretched his projects • Cotton crashed, defaulted on loans • French & British banks concerned about defaulted loans, force Ismael to give up control of finances • Urabists led unsuccessful revolt, justification for direct control by British in 1892

5. Tunisia • LikeEgypt, Tunisiacontractsforeigndebts to finance modernizationprojects • French seize the occasion to establish a protectorate in Tunisia in 1881

6. Imperialism in Africa • Before 1885, only 10% of continent controlled by Europeans • Gold Coast trade, Boers in South Africa • Italy present in Erythrea and Somalia (1890-1892) and Libya 1912 • French NorthAfrica: France regroupsAlgeria, Tunisia and Moracco (1912) • France annexes Madagascar in 1896 and establishesseveral colonies in West Africa. • Germany settles in Togo and Cameroon 1884 and Tanganyika (modern Tanzania)

7. 1876, Leopold II of Belgium took Belgian Congo as his personal colony • 80X size of Belgium • Promised to use if for research • Notorious for torture, terrorism and genocide • Remarkably lucrative, inspired other nations

8. Scramble for Africa: 1880-1885 • Competition devolving into war by European nations • Berlin Conference 1884-1885 • Meeting to divide up Africa w/o war • Delicious cake of Africa • Diffused crisis but rivalries continued • 90% of Africa colonized by 1900 (except Ethiopia/Liberia)

9. Berlin Conference: Splitting up the Delicious Cake of Africa Fighting over the Spoils of Africa

10. Before and After the Berlin conference

11. EuropeanRivalries continue • Franco British Rivalry • 1898 tensions culminate in Fachoda, Sudan • French captain Marchand and British Kitchener • French capitulate to the British • Franco GermanRivalry • 1911 France and Germany vie over Moracco • France gains domination in exchange for territory in West Africa

12. EuropeanMissionaries in Africa

13. The White Man’s Burden • Social Darwinism: the natural domination of colonized races • Europeans racially superior to the people of Africa, India and Asia • Belief that Europeans have moral obligation to civilize the people of colonies as best they can • Forced assimilation, Christianity “teach” work ethic through grueling labour

16. How doesKipling’spoemportraycolonized peoples? Whatbenefits of taking up the White Man’s burden are mentioned? The White Man’s Burden • Take up the White Man's burden, Send forth the best ye breed  Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild--  Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. • Take up the White Man's burden, In patience to abide,  To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride;By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain  To seek another's profit, And work another's gain. • Take up the White Man's burden, The savage wars of peace--  Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the sickness cease;And when your goal is nearest The end for others sought,  Watch sloth and heathen Folly Bring all your hopes to nought. • Take up the White Man's burden, No tawdry rule of kings,  But toil of serf and sweeper, The tale of common things.The ports ye shall not enter, The roads ye shall not tread,  Go mark them with your living, And mark them with your dead. • Take up the White Man's burden And reap his old reward:  The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard--The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah, slowly!) toward the light:--  "Why brought he us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night?" • Take up the White Man's burden, Ye dare not stoop to less--  Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloke your weariness;By all ye cry or whisper, By all ye leave or do,  The silent, sullen peoples Shall weigh your gods and you. • Take up the White Man's burden, Have done with childish days--  The lightly proferred laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise.Comes now, to search your manhood, through all the thankless years  Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers! Rudyard Kipling, 1899

17. Great Colonial Empires in 1914 • 2 Great imperialpowers • The United Kingdom • 33 million km² • 450 million inhabitants • African colonies + India, Birma, Singapor • France • 10 million km² • 48 million inhabitants • African colonies + New Caledonia /Indochina

18. Domination in variousforms • Direct Rule • French Colonial possessions ruled by a French respresentative • Colonized people verylittleinvolved in colonial administration • French population • Minority • Holdsmost power

19. Algeria • SettlementColony • French and Algeriansunequalrights • Indigenous Code • Separatepenal code for natives • Effective segregation (e.g. town planning)

20. Criticism of Imperialism • Majority of Europeans supported Imperialism • Seen as way to build strong nations at home • Flex muscle of national superiority • Critics voiced dissatisfaction with process • J.A. Hobson British socialist economist • Imperialism result of unregulated capitalism • Colonies not beneficial in the long run • Diverted resources away from domestic issues

21. More Criticism of Imperialism • Anti-Imperialism Literature • Joseph Conrad – “Heart of Darkness” • Exposed torture and crimes against Africans • Edward Morel – “Black Man’s Burden” • International Socialists pinned imperialism as the final stage of capitalism • Social critics pointed to hypocrisy of expanding rights and voting at home while denying freedoms abroad

22. Native Responses to Imperialism • Violent Uprisings against colonizers • Almost always ended poorly for natives • Superior weapons and training for West • Traditionalists – rejected Western ways • Modernists – adapted to West • Most Asians and Africans eventually conformed

23. Native Responses to Imperialism MajiMaji Rebellion in German East Africa (modern Tanzinia) 1905-1907

24. Herero Uprising in Namibia 1907

25. AssimilatedModernists’ Reaction • Indigenousnationalism • Modern native eliteseducated in Europe expecttreatment of liberty and equality as taught in Western education • LeopoldSedar Senghor fromSenegal • Developsidea of Negritude – pride in Africanidentity • Colonizationchallenged by communistpropaganda • Ho Chi Minh fromIndochina

26. First Cracks in the Empire • 1920-1930 after WWI • Colonized peoples participate in war effort, expect recognition for their sacrifices • Nationalistmovements gain ground • Population becomes pro-independent • Politically more structured • Most active in India, Indochina, NorthAfrica, Syria and Lebanon

27. Video: Colonialism in 10 minutes, The Scramble for Africa

28. British India

29. From Trading Post to Colony • British East India Company had trading rights during Mughal Empire • Mughal Empire collapsed in 1757, BEIC took control with Sepoy force • Sepoy Mutiny (Great Rebellion) in 1857 - warning to British government • Queen Victoria’s government took direct control of the Raj in 1857

30. SepoyMutiny1857

31. British India • Upper class Indian bureaucracy given some local power – indirect rule (but British made decisions and passed laws, not Indians) • Began to become a louder voice for self-rule • Indian National Congress established in 1885 began to push the issue with surging Indian nationalism • New identity in some ways created by British presence

32. 1st Indian National Congress 1885

33. Mohandas Gandhi • Indian middle class background • Sollicitortrained in London • Head of National Indian Party from 1920 • Non-violent protestbased on civil disobedience • Boycotts elections • Boycotts British products, schools, courts • Refuses to pay taxes

34. Gandhi and Salt March 1930protesting British monopoly of salt

35. Steps to India’s Independence pre WWII • London signs the IndiaAct 1935 • Givesform of politicalautonomy • 1942 Congress Party launches “Quit India” campaign • Leaders arrested • Massive violence erupts

36. Steps to India’s Independence post WWII • Postwar period, negotiations resume • UK accepts principle of independence • Wants guarantees that country will remain unified and minority (Muslims) rights protected • Bloodbath between Hindus and Muslims • 1946 Great Killing of Calcutta

37. Steps to India’s Independence post WWII • British grant full independence 1947 with partition • Territory divided into 2 nations: India and Pakistan • Extreme violence between communities (300 – 500 thousand deaths, 10-15 million people migrate • Gandhi assasinated by Hinduextremist in 1948

38. Great partition of India and Pakistan 1947

39. Jawharlal Nehru • 1929 becomespresident of Congress Party • Fights for total Indianindependence • Becomes Prime Minister of Indiauntilhisdeath in 1964

40. Video: Partition of India

41. Homework • The Unfinished Nation by Alan Brinkley Chapter 20 The Imperial Republic, pp 534-554 • Mastering Modern World History by Norman Lowe Chapter 24 The End of the European Empires, pp. 509-541 • The World Since 1914, by Joe Scott, Part 8, “The End of Empire” (6 pages)