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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

This introduction provides a basic understanding of the study of the internal and external structures of the body and the function of anatomical structures. It covers topics such as homeostasis, levels of organization, and cellular processes.

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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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  1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

  2. anatomy = “a cutting open” • Study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationship between body parts • Ex – a particular bone attached to a muscle

  3. physiology • Study of the function of anatomical structures; considers both physical and chemical processes • Ex. how a muscle contracts to move the bone

  4. cell: basic unit of life • Cytology • Histology

  5. Levels of Organization

  6. Homeostasis Objectives: Significance of homeostasis Positive and negative feedback

  7. Start here

  8. Lots of examples of negative feedback loops, few positive loops For test be able to analyze: • Calcium homeostasis (page 132) • Body temperature (page 7) • Water regulation (refer to notes) • Control center for sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of PNS • Effectors and response after sympathetic disruption of homeostasis occurs

  9. Two ways to maintain homeostasis • Negative feedback • Positive feedback

  10. Negative Feedback: example body temperature

  11. Q1: compare response to original stimulus • Answer: • The response by the effectors is antagonistic (opposite) of the stimulus Stimulus = body temp ↑ Response = body temp ↓

  12. Q2: homeostasis restored? How do you know? • Answer • Yes, because the response counteracts the stimulus • Brings back balance

  13. Positive Feedback: example labor contractions

  14. Q3: compare response and stimulus in positive feedback • Answer • The response acts to heighten or increase the stimulus Stimulus = ↑ distortion of uterus Response= ↑ distortion and contraction of uterus

  15. Q4: Is homeostasis restored in this example? How do you know? • Answer: • No, homeostasis is continually disrupted • This is a good thing in this case b/c returning to homeostasis would cause the birthing process to stop. • The positive feedback loop will continue until birth is complete.

  16. Positive feedback examples • Childbirth • Blood clotting • Sexual orgasm • Milk production from mammary glands

  17. Cellular homeostasis Every level of organization within the body must maintain homeostasis Phospholipid Bilayer

  18. Diffusion • Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. • The difference in concentration of two solutions is called the concentration gradient • Demonstration: food coloring in water ttp://www.biosci.ohiou.edu/introbioslab/Bios170/diffusion/Diffusion.html

  19. Diffusion: Anatomy example • Oxygen gas enter body and blood stream • Carbon dioxide leave blood and body

  20. Molecules that dissolve in lipids can cross the lipid bilayer through diffusion. Example: O2 CO2 H2O Diffusion across membranes

  21. Osmosis • Think back to solutions: solutes and solvents • Osmosis is the process by which water molecules diffuse across a cell membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. • Direction of movement depends on relative concentrations of solutions.

  22. Osmosis: anatomy connection • Excess water versus dehydration • Kidneys help to rid excess water as urine = osmosis of water out of blood (high) into kidneys (low)

  23. Direction of movement into cells • Hypotonic to the cytosol • solution outside the cell is less concentrated than inside the cell • water moves into the cell • Hypertonic to the cytosol • solution outside the cell is more concentrated than inside the cell • water moves out of the cell • Isotonic • concentrations are equal • http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/Osmosis.htm

  24. What about the molecules that can’t pass through the membrane freely? • Glucose, Na+, Ca+, K+ and lots of other molecules need to get into and out of the cell but can’t get through the lipid bilayer • They must use the proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer

  25. Facilitated transport • Protein channels embedded in the cell membrane allow ions and other molecules to diffuse into and out of a cell • Where have we seen facilitate diffusion in action? • Neuron’s gated Na+ and K+ channels • Ca+ channels in nerve and muscle cells

  26. Active transport • Requires energy to transport molecules across a cell’s membrane Ex. 1 Membrane proteins may serve as pumps to push ions across the cell against the concentration gradient • Examples of pumps? • Na+/K+ pump in neurons

  27. Active Transport (con’t) Ex. 2 Exocyotosis – the cell excretes wastes, chemicals or other products by releasing them from vesicles • Where have we seen this? • Release of neurotransmitters Ex 3 Endocytosis – the cell takes in molecules or food by engulfing it • We will see this with immune system and WBCs

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