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Africa

Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa: south of Sahara desert Rainforests Mtns. Savannas (grasslands). Great Rift Valley 40 miles wide, 2,000 ft deep 2,000-3,000 miles long. Village Life. Matrilineal—trace ancestry through mother Husband’s family gives bride’s family iron tools, animals, & cloth

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Africa

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  1. Africa

  2. Sub-Saharan Africa: south of Sahara desert • Rainforests • Mtns. • Savannas (grasslands)

  3. Great Rift Valley • 40 miles wide, 2,000 ft deep • 2,000-3,000 miles long

  4. Village Life • Matrilineal—trace ancestry through mother • Husband’s family gives bride’s family iron tools, animals, & cloth • Boys & girls at 12 take part in adulthood ceremonies

  5. Africans- polytheists • Believe spirits of dead live among them • Adopted ideas from Arabs (Islam) & Europeans (Christianity)

  6. Nubia • 2000 BC: upper Nile River • Under Egyptian control • Gold, ivory, pyramids • 700s BC: Nubian pharaohs rule Egypt until Axum invaded Nubia

  7. Axum 500 BC • Traded w/ Rome • Ivory, gold, exotic animals • Christian kingdom along Red Sea • Muslim raids forced them to interior--Ethiopia

  8. Ghana (300-1200 AD) • Located between salt & gold mines • Trans-Saharan trade (across the desert) • Salt=most important • Conquered by Muslims

  9. Mali • Small state in Ghana • Sundiata Keita • 1200s took old lands of Ghana • Cleared land for farming=surpluses • Peanuts, rice, sorghum, yams, beans, onions, wheat

  10. Mansa Musa ruled 1312-1332 • Introduced Islam • Built mosques in Timbuktu • Went on hajj

  11. Songhai • Niger River • 1400s Sunni Ali—took over Timbuktu • Divided into provinces • Laws based on Islam • 1589-attacked by Moroccans (w/ firearms)

  12. Zimbabwe “Great House of Stone” • Between Zambezi & Limpopo Rivers • Large stone forts • 1400s-declined for unknown reasons

  13. Great Zimbabwe Ruins

  14. The Americas • Migrated from Asia 11,500 yrs. ago • Bering Strait

  15. Olmecs • 1200 BC – 400 BC • “Rubber people” • 1st Mexicans to build pyramids • Jade carvings • Colossal heads • Ball game with rubber ball

  16. Mayas (until 900 AD) • Yucatan Peninsula • Trade- cacao bean used as $ • Agriculture- farmers paid taxes in produce & time • Members of royal family inbreed • Nobles drank hot chocolate (drinking money)

  17. Mothers tied boards to infants heads to flatten skulls (considered beautiful) • Filed down teeth & covered w/ jade • Blood rituals & human sacrifices • Observatories – towers to “observe” the night sky

  18. 900s cities abandoned • Invasion? • Famine? • Epidemic? • Peasant revolt?

  19. Aztecs • Most glorious & goriest • Nomads until settled on island in Lake Texcoco– city Tenochtitlan (200,000 people) • Pyramid-temples • Chinampas- farming maize (corn), squash, beans, peppers • Human sacrifices • Warfare- way of capturing sacrifices

  20. 1519- Spaniard Hernan Cortes • Have cannons & firearms • Cortes allied w/ tribes tired of Montezuma • 600 Spaniard w/ a few thousand allies conquered Aztecs

  21. Incas • South America- Andes Mtns. • Terrace farming • Quipus- knots tied in rope for record keeping • Quechua- language • Potatoes

  22. Polytheistic- human sacrifices • Conquered by Francisco Pizarro 1533

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