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Gerundives 101

A quick review of the old stuff, plus a useful (I hope) description of the new stuff. Magistra Jarnagin for the Episcopal School March 14, 2013. Gerundives 101. Old Stuff — the gerundive of obligation/passive periphrastic. Nobis lingua Latina amanda est.

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Gerundives 101

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  1. A quick review of the old stuff, plus a useful (I hope)description of the new stuff. Magistra Jarnagin for the Episcopal School March 14, 2013. Gerundives 101

  2. Old Stuff — the gerundive of obligation/passive periphrastic • Nobis lingua Latina amanda est. • Dative of agent= the noun that must do the action • Gerundive + form of sum = what MUST be done.

  3. Identification practice: • legessuntservandaecivibusRomanīs. • Dative of agent? • legessuntservandaecivibusRomanīs. • Passive periphrastic? • legessuntservandaecivibusRomanīs. • All together: • legessuntservandaecivibusRomanīs. • Roman citizens must preserve the laws.

  4. Some examples • mihifabulanarranda est. • tibifabulaenarrandaesunt. • nobis imperator laudandusest • vobisimperatoreslaudandīsunt. • Caesarīconsiliumcapiendum est. • militibusconsiliacapiendasunt. • fratribus versus fabulanarrandaerat. • Case, and number matter, but so does tense; pay close attention when you’re reading.

  5. New stuff: more gerundive uses; ad • Those were gerundives of OBLIGATION, but gerundives can be used to express other ideas, too. • With ad to express purpose: • Fratres versus legebatadlitterasdiscendas. • The brothers were reading verses for the purpose of learning literature. • Caesar ad BritaniamvēnitadBarbarospugnandum. • Caesar came to Britain for the purpose of fighting Barbarians.

  6. More gerundive uses;causā • In addition to ad, causa + gerundive can also express a type of purpose. • This one is a bit bananas, but you will feel totally boss once you master it… • Causā, unlike other prepositions, comes AFTER the clause it introduces. • Causā uses the genitive case.

  7. What this means: • Let’s look at a regular prepositional phrase • ad villam: to the house. • Ad uses the accusative, so we’ve got villam. • Villam is what you are going TO, so it’s after the ad: ad villam. • Now let’s look at a causāphrase: • For the sake of helpingthe boys. • Causā + gen. = for the sake of • the boys = gen. pl.; helping = gerundive, gen. pl. • Causāpuerorumadiuvandorum. • But remember causāuses a PRECEDING genitive, so • flip it around: • puerorumadiuvandorumcausā.

  8. More examples • ego ad librariumvēnīlegendilibricausā. • I came to the library for the sake of reading a book. • Clemens ex urbemeffugitmontisvitandīcausā. • Clemens fled from the city for the sake avoiding the mountain. • Mercator forum intravitmercumvendendarumcausā. • The merchant entered the forum for the sake of selling his merchandise.

  9. One last bunch: • Causā’s a little weird, but once you know what to look for, the gerundives aren’t so bad: • Obligation: dative of agent + gerundive with sum form • Purpose: either with ad or with causā • But the last type of gerundives stand alone. • Effugimusarboreascendendā. • We escaped by climbing a tree. • Aliīsadiuvandīs, teipsumadiuvas. • By helping others, you help yourself. • NulloestoccassiooratonisImperatorisaudiendae. • There is no opportunity for listening to a speech of the emperor.

  10. Guide to reading texts with gerundives • 1. look for indicators or triggers: • Passive periphrastic/obligation • Ad/causā • 2. Use your text marking strategy! • Go slowly and read the WHOLE word. • 3. Questions to ask yourself: • Is there a verb stem hiding? • Is it attached to an –nd-? • 4. Look at the ending: • what gender and case? • What noun can it be describing?

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