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Gerunds and Gerundives

Gerunds and Gerundives. By Daniel Worby. What are gerunds?. A noun made from a verb Literally means ‘the act of doing something’ e.g. I like running ‘Running’ is a noun which comes from the verb ‘to run’

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Gerunds and Gerundives

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  1. Gerunds and Gerundives By Daniel Worby

  2. What are gerunds? • A noun made from a verb • Literally means ‘the act of doing something’ • e.g. I like running • ‘Running’ is a noun which comes from the verb ‘to run’ • Even though both the gerund and present participle are both translated into English with ‘-ing’, they must not be confused

  3. Formation of the gerund • Like a 2nd declension neuter noun (e.g. bellum) • Verb stem + Vowel (depending on the conjugation) + ‘-ndum’ • e.g. portandum, currendum • eo is irregular. It becomes eundum • Being part of a verb, the gerund is described by an adverb

  4. Examples of the gerund • paratusadcurrendum = readyforrunning (accusative) -often used for purpose 2. arscurrendi = the skill ofrunning (genitive) -followed by genitive of definition (e.g. for, in, at, to) 3. resistitcurrendo = he resisted running (dative) -usually quite rare 4. perituscurrendo = skilled in running (ablative) -often instrumental

  5. When NOT to use the gerund • In the nominative • In the accusative with a direct object • Instead, use the infinitive e.g. 1. curreredifficileest= runningis difficult (nominative) 2. odiocurrere = I hate running (accusative with direct object)

  6. What is the gerundive? • An adjective formed from a verb • Means ‘needing to be…’ • e.g. Needing to be carried • It is passive • It doesn’t have a tense

  7. Formation of the gerundive • Formed in the same way as the gerund • Verb stem + Vowel (depending on the conjugation) + ‘-nd-’ +ending • e.g. portandus, -a, -um legendus, -a, um

  8. How to translate the gerundive • gladiusportandusest -Literal translation = The sword is needing to becarried -i.e. The sword must be carried • gladiusportanduserat -Literal translation = The sword was needing to be carried -i.e. The sword had to be carried

  9. How to translate the gerundive-continued • fuscinamihiportandaest -Literal translation = The trident is, for me, a needing to be carried one -i.e. The trident must be carried by me -or -I must carry the trident

  10. Impersonal Neuter Gerundive of Obligation • Gerundive looking like a gerund • Meaning: agendumest- It needs to be driven • The neuter gerundive is the subject of the verb ‘to be’ • This verb also shows the tense

  11. Gerundival attraction • A gerund changed into a gerundive • If a gerund has a direct object: -The noun changes into the case of the gerund. -The gerund then changes into a gerundive that agrees with it • e.g. arsepistulamscribendi -Literal translation = The art of a needing to be written letter -i.e. The art of writing a letter

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