Overview of Writing By Maram Alabdulaaly

1. Overview of WritingBy Maram Alabdulaaly From: Mosaic Writing 1, Gold edition, by Meredith Pike-Baky and Laurie Blass. Interactions Writing 2, Gold edition, by Cheryl Pavlik and Margaret Keenan Segal.

2. Outline • Introduction • Topic sentence in a paragraph. • Thesis statement. • Types of introductions • Body paragraph • Paragraph Unity. • Organizing your thoughts. • Connecting ideas. • Conclusion • The conclusion • One type of conclusion.

3. Components of an Essay

4. The Introduction

5. Topic Sentence and Thesis Statement

6. The Topic Sentence • A paragraph usually begins with a sentence that expresses the main idea. This is the topic sentence. • The topic sentence contains one main idea and it tells the reader what the paragraph is about. • The topic sentence can also appear in the middle or at the end of a paragraph.

7. Examples of Topic Sentences There are a few things that I've had trouble with since I arrived to Japan. • It introduces one main idea: difficulties since David arrived to Japan. • It tells the reader what the paragraph is about.

8. Thesis statement • A thesis statement expresses the main idea of an essay. • A thesis statement announces the topics and suggests the ways in which the writer will support her or his point of view.

9. Types of Introductions: Note that sometimes types of introductions overlap. That is, an introduction might have the characteristics of more than one of the types described in this chapter.

10. Types of Introductions General-to-Specific General statement(s) More specific statement(s) Thesis statement (the most specific statement)

11. Types of Introductions Definition/ Explanation This type of introduction prepares the reader for an informative essay that uses new terms or concepts. The writer defines or explains the new terms or concepts in the introduction so that the reader will understand the rest of the material in the essay. An example: technical articles.

12. Types of Introductions Set the Scene This type of an introduction describes a scenario or incident to engage the reader in the topic of the essay and lead to the main idea. An example: long articles, stories.

13. Types of Introductions Problem-Solution This kind of introduction begins with a short explanation of a problem, one that the essay will attempt to solve. The introduction ends with a solution to the problem. An example: essay about any problem.

14. The body paragraph

15. Paragraph Unity & Coherence

16. Paragraph Unity & Coherence • A paragraph has unity when all of the sentences relate to and develop the topic sentence. • A paragraph is organized when all of the sentences follow a logical order. Related information should be together. • Writer achieve coherence by connecting sentences through linking ideas and the use of pronouns, repetition of key words, and paraphrases. Remove unrelated ideas. Order by importance, time..etc Connect your sentences

17. Organizing Your Thoughts

18. The Graphic OrganizerP.29 The graphic organizer below is called a mind map. In the mind map, the topic sentence is in the center. The main supporting details are connected directly to the topic sentence. The secondary details are connected to the main details.

19. The Graphic OrganizerP.89

20. Connecting ideas

21. Using Demonstratives to unify a paragraph P 77 A good writer uses phrases with this, that, these, or those -demonstratives- to refer to ideas in previous sentences.

22. Coordinating Conjunctions P200 • When they separate two independent clauses, use a comma before the conjunction. • Don't use a comma before a conjunction that separates two phrases that aren't complete sentences. And So But Or

23. Subordinating Conjunctions P204 & P132 connect an independent and a dependent clause. They show a relationship of: Time: • When, whenever. Reason: • because, since Contrast: • although, even though, though Purpose: • so that

24. Transitions P204 They are words or phrases that show the relationship between two ideas. • for example, for instance. Give Example: • in fact, of course Add emphasis: • in addition, furthermore, moreover, besides Add information: • similarly, likewise Make comparison:

25. Transitions P204 They are words or phrases that show the relationship between two ideas. • However, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, on one/on the other hand Show contrast: • therefore, as a result, as a consequence, for this/that reason Give reasons or results: • now, then, first (second, etc), earlier, later, meanwhile, finally Show sequence:

26. Using Relative Clauses/ Adjective clauses P109 Which • A relative clause answers the question Who? or Which one. • Who refers to people. • That refers to people and things. • Which refers to things. • Where refers to places. Where Who That

27. Using Relative Clauses/ Adjective clauses P111 Restrictive Relative Clause: Children who are bilingual have an advantage over their monolingual playmates. • A restrictive relative clause tells you which person, place or things the writer is referring to. The information in the restrictive relative clause is necessary to complete the sentence. Don't use commas. Nonrestrictive Relative Clause: My brother's children, who are bilingual, are seven and ten years old. • A nonrestrictive relative clause gives additional information. Use commas to separate a nonrestrictive clause from the rest of the sentence.

28. The Conclusion

29. The conclusion • A conclusion prepares the reader for the end of your essay, giving a feeling of completion. • A conclusion restates the main idea and the supporting points of the essay.

30. One Type of Conclusion Specific-to-General Restatement of the thesis More general statement(s) More general statement

31. The Writing Process

32. Prewriting Draft Editing

33. Q&A

34. Thank you.