By Maram Alabdulaaly

1. The Past Perfect & The Past Perfect Progressive By MaramAlabdulaaly By Maram Alabdulaaly

2. Outline FIRST How is each tense formed? SECOND When is each tense used? Third Comparisons.. By Maram Alabdulaaly

3. Past Perfect Tense By Maram Alabdulaaly

4. Affirmative Sentences Negative Sentences By Maram Alabdulaaly

5. Past Perfect Progressive By Maram Alabdulaaly

6. Affirmative Sentences Negative Sentences By Maram Alabdulaaly

7. When to use the past perfect? By Maram Alabdulaaly

8. When is it used? P50 • To express an activity that was complete before another activity or time in the past. • By the time Sam got there, Ann had already left. • Use: By the time. • Not use: before & after. • The action in the past perfect happened first. Past Future Now X X Ann had already left Sam got there. By Maram Alabdulaaly

9. When is it used? P50 • Common reporting verbs include: said, tell(someone), say, find out, learn, and discover. 2. Used in reported speech. • Fay said she had finished her homework. I finished my homework What did she say? She said that she had finished her homework. By Maram Alabdulaaly

10. When is it used? P50 For, you see, so many out-of-the-way things had happened lately, that Alice had begun to think that very few things indeed were really impossible. 3. Past perfect is often found in more formal writing such as fiction. The writer uses the simple past to say that an event happened, and then uses the past perfect to explain what had happened before that event. By Maram Alabdulaaly

11. When is it used? P50 2. Used in reported speech. • Fay said she had finished her homework. • To express an activity that was complete before another activity or time in the past. • By the time Sam got there, Ann had already left. 3. Past perfect is often found in more formal writing such as fiction. The writer uses the simple past to say that an event happened, and then uses the past perfect to explain what had happened before that event. By Maram Alabdulaaly

12. When to use the Past perfect progressive? By Maram Alabdulaaly

13. When is it used? P55 It emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity or time in the past. • Eric finally came at 6 O’clock. I had been waiting for him since four-thirty. Past Future Now X X How long had you been waiting? By Maram Alabdulaaly

14. When is it used? P55 May express an activity in progress close in time to another activity or time in the past. • When Judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming. Past Future Now X X She had been swimming Judy got home. By Maram Alabdulaaly

15. When is it used? P55 I have been waiting for you. What did she say? She said that she had been waiting for you. 3. In reported speech By Maram Alabdulaaly

16. Simple Past Lets compare it with the other tenses…. Simple Future Past Progressive Present Progressive Future Progressive Simple Present By Maram Alabdulaaly

17. Past Perfect Past Progressive To express an activity that was complete before another activity or time in the past. By the time it started to rain, Rita had already reached her house. Two actions occurred at the same time, but one action began earlier and was in progress when the other action occurred. Rita was standing under a tree when it began to rain. Past X X Future X X Now Past Now Future Rita was standing under a tree. X It began to rain. Rita had reached home. It started to rain. By Maram Alabdulaaly

18. Past Perfect Progressive Past progressive Emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity in the past. Rita had been standing under a tree for five minutes when it began to rain. Two actions occurred at the same time, but one action began earlier and was in progress when the other action occurred. Rita was standing under a tree when it began to rain. 5 minutes Past X X X X Past Now Now Future Future X X Rita was standing under a tree. Rita had been standing under a tree. It began to rain. It began to rain. By Maram Alabdulaaly