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Urinary system

Urinary system. General outline. component. urinary organs: kidneys micturition organs: ureter, bladder and urethra. function. discharge metabolite regulate the balance of water and electrolyte endocrine function: renin, erythropoietin,

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Urinary system

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  1. Urinary system

  2. General outline • component urinary organs: kidneys micturition organs: ureter, bladder and urethra • function • discharge metabolite • regulate the balance of water and electrolyte • endocrine function: renin, erythropoietin, prostaglandin

  3. Renal anatomic structure • Fibrosa Cortical labyrinth Medullary ray Cortex • Parenchyma Renal pyramids Renal columns Medulla

  4. Renal histological structure Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule Renal corpuscles • nephron Renal tubules • collecting duct • juxtaglomerular apparatus

  5. Kidney

  6. Renal cortex Renal medulla

  7. Structure of Renal corpuscle: afferent arteriole efferent arteriole capillary network mesangial cells Glomerulus parietal layer: simple squamous Epi. Bowman’s capsule capsular cavity: filtrate visceral layer: podocytes (primary and secondary processes, slit membrane)

  8. Renal corpuscle

  9. Podocyte

  10. Glomerulus Renal corpuscle

  11. Functions of Renal corpuscle: • Produce filtrate (primary urine) fenestrated endothelium basement membrane slit membrane of podocyte • Filtration membrane (filtration barrier) molecular weight charges • relevant factors of filtrate

  12. Filtration membrane

  13. Renal tubules: convoluted tubule straight tubule proximal Henle’s loops thin segment straight tubule convoluted tubule distal

  14. Proximal tubule • Location: cortical labyrinth • LM: simple cuboidal or pyramid Epi. acidophilic cytoplasm no discrete cell margin; brush border; longitudinal striation

  15. Convoluted segments of proximal and distal tubules

  16. EM: apical canaliculi and vesicles numerous lysosomes, Mi. many lateral interdigitations microvilli on the surface membrane invaginations abundant Na+-K+ATPase

  17. Function • reabsorb water, glucose, amino acid, protein, vitamin and inorganic salts etc. • secrete ammonia and some metabolic substances

  18. thin segment • location: medullary ray and renal pyramids • LM: simple squamous Epi.; pale cytoplasm, • EM: a few microvilli; less organelles • Function: water, and ions pass through easily

  19. Thin segment and straight segment of distal tubule

  20. Distal tubule • location: medullay ray and renal pyramids • LM: simple cuboidal Epi; clear cell boundary; pale cytoplasm; nuclei near lumen; without brush border; have longitudinal striation

  21. EM: a few microvilli; many membrane invagination; many mitochondria; abundant Na+-K+ATPase • Function: reabsorb Na+ and water; excrete K+; secrete NH3

  22. Distal straight tubules and collecting tubules

  23. Convoluted segments of proximal and distal tubule

  24. Collecting tubules: • location: medullary ray and renal pyramids • components: arched collecting tubules; straight collecting tubules; papillary ducts • simple cuboidal Epi simple columnar Epi., papillary ducts line tall columnar Epi; pale staining; distinct borders; rare microvilli and Mi. • function: similar to that of distal convoluted tubules

  25. Straight segment of distal tubule and collecting tubule

  26. Juxtaglomerular apparatus: • located in a triangle area at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscles • consist of juxtaglomerular cells, macular densa and extraglomerular mesangial (polar cushion) cells • function: control water and electrolyte balance; regulate blood pressure; produce erythropoietin

  27. Juxtaglom-erular apparatus

  28. Juxtaglomerular cells • smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole transform into the epithelial cells • cytoplasm: a few myofibrils; PAS-positive granules contained renin; abundant RER, ribosomes and well developed Golgi apparatus; • function: secrete renin and erythropoietin

  29. Juxtaglomerular cell

  30. Macular densa • transformed from the cells of distal tubule which near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle • the cells become taller and narrow, arranged compactly; pale cytoplasm; nuclei located at the apex • a chemical (Na+ ) sensor

  31. Macular densa

  32. Extraglomerular mesangial cells • resemble the intraglomerular mesangial cells • gap junctions between the component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus • transmit information

  33. Features of renal blood circulation • blood flow is large • two sets of capillary network • the diameter of afferent arterioles is larger than that of efferent, so as to facilitate filtration • the vasa recta are parallel to the Henle’s loop, so aid water reabsorption and urine concentration

  34. Blood vessels of kidney

  35. Micturition organs (ureter, bladder,) Epi: transitional Epi Lamina propria: L.C.T. • mucosa • muscle layer: smooth muscle • adventitia: fibrosa serosa

  36. Bladder

  37. Ureter

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