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Ribosomes

Ribosomes. By: Angela Whittam and Kelsey Burns. Discovery. Ribosomes were discovered by George E. Palade in 1955, using a high-powered electron microscope. George E. Palade was a cell biologist from Rome. He received a Noble Prize for his work in 1974.

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Ribosomes

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  1. Ribosomes By: Angela Whittam and Kelsey Burns

  2. Discovery Ribosomes were discovered by George E. Palade in 1955, using a high-powered electron microscope. George E. Palade was a cell biologist from Rome. He received a Noble Prize for his work in 1974. However, when Palade discovered the ribosome, he did not give them a name. In 1958 Richard B. Roberts gave it the name ‘Ribosome’.

  3. What they do • Ribosomes are the protein-synthesizing machines of the cell. • They translate the information encoded in messenger RNA(mRNA) into a polypeptide. • They assemble the proteins in the cell. • Proteins are macromolecules made up of amino acids. • Amino acids are simple organic compounds containing both a carboxyl (COOH) and an amino (NH2) group.

  4. What they look like • They look like tiny grains of sand. • Ribosomes tend to be roughly spherical with a diameter of 20nm(nanometers). • Since they are so tiny, they can only be seen with an electron microscope • They make up about 25% of dry weight of the cell. • They have two subunits: • 60-S(large) • 40-S(small) • Ribosomal subunits are synthesized by the nucleolus. • These two subunits join together when the ribosome attaches to mRNA during protein synthesis. • Their usual color tends to be brown.

  5. What they’re made of • Ribosome’s are made up of RNA, proteins and nucleic acid. • RNA is ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid similar to DNA but having the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose and uracil rather than thymine as one of the bases. • Nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides important in encoding instructions for cell processes.

  6. Function • Ribosome primary function: • Synthesis of proteins according to the sequence of amino acids as specified in the messenger RNA. • Ribosomes usually form aggregates called polysomes or polyribosomes during protein synthesis. • Amino acids are linked together by ribosomal RNA to form a polypeptide chain.

  7. More about Ribosomes • They are found in plant, animal and bacteria cells. • Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells • Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. • They are located in two regions of the cytoplasm. • Organelles and the cytosol • Some ribosomes are mounted on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum, and others float freely in the cytoplasm. • The endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive network of flattened membrane sacs that manufactures proteins.

  8. Diseases It is believed that mutations in ribosome or ribosome biogenesis factors would be lethal, due to the essential nature of these complexes.

  9. Resources Sandhyarani, Ningthoujam. "Ribosomes Function." Buzzle.com. Buzzle.com, 04 Jan. 2012. Web. 18 Jan. 2013 "Who Discovered It." Who Discovered It. N.p., 2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2013 "Cytoplasm/Ribosomes." SparkNotes. SparkNotes, 2011. Web. 18 Jan. 2013. "Ribosomes." About.com Biology. About.com, 2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2013. "Ribosomes." Ribosomes. N.p., 23 Sept. 2011. Web. 18 Jan. 2013.

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