Chapter 28 Review:

1. Chapter 28 Review: “The Confident Years: 1953-1964”

2. Directions: • Complete the section of the timeline that you have been assigned by brainstorming information about it: (5 min.) • Date and page number from book. • Significance (include details about the event as well as it’s impact on the United States during the Cold War). • As each group comes up to explain their event, complete the timeline handout as they explain the details.

3. Iran and Guatemala • Iran • 1953 Iran nationalized British and American oil companies there, US supported the “Shah” in a coup to overthrow the government. • Guatemala • 1954 US C.I.A. installed a pro-American government when communists threatened United Fruit Company and after the gov’t accepted weapons from the Communist bloc. • 1953 - 1954

4. Directions: • Iran and Guatemala • Vietnam War • Suez Crisis • Sputnik • Castro overthrows Batista • U-2 Incident • Bay of Pigs • JFK and Khrushchev meet in Vienna • The Berlin Wall • The Alliance For Progress • Cuban Missile Crisis • Limited Test Ban Treaty

5. Vietnam • U.S. had been giving aid to • Ngo Diem of South Vietnam • against Communist Ho Chi • Minh of North Vietnam since • 1954. • Geneva Accords est. division. • U.S. encouraged Diem to form • a permanent South Vietnam, • had popularity in cities but • was opposed in rural areas • by communist Vietcong. • 1961-63 JFK sends 16k troops, • looks other way when Diem is • assassinated… Another “Proxy War”? • * U.S. reinforced this with the creation • of S.E.A.T.O. in 1954. • 1954

6. The Suez Crisis • Egypt • France, Britain • and Israel attack • Egypt when • Egyptian President • Nasser seized • the Suez Canal • US forces a cease • fire in an effort to • prevent war. • To also give the US • a more favorable • view in the Middle East (Eisenhower Doctrine). • 1956

7. 1957 - Sputnik I The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge! • US concern was due to the fact that the Soviets could • also use this technology to launch an atomic or Hydrogen • bomb against the US. • Also viewed as a psychological loss for America • More money was earmarked for math and science in • schools in order to close the gap. (October Sky).

8. Castro overthrows Batista • 1959 • Fulgencio Batista was overthrown by rebel leader Fidel Castro in 1959. • Castro appeared to be pro-American at first, until he began accepting money from the Soviet Union, and eventually declaring Cuba a Communist state with strong ties to the USSR • US concern stemmed from a strong Soviet ally so close to American soil. • Set the stage for the Bay of Pigs Invasion and later, the Cuban Missile Crisis.

9. U-2 Incident Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace. IKE announced that US had “lost” a weather plane, Khrushchev held press conference about the incident. Damaged US/Soviet trust. • May, 1960

10. Bay of Pigs Incident • 1959 Fidel Castro overthrows • Fulgencio Batista and forms • ties with the U.S.S.R. • 1961 U.S. supports Cuban • exiles with C.I.A. to land and • overthrow Castro in Cuba = It • FAILED. • 6/1961 – Incident makes JFK • appear weak to Khrushchev • at Summit Conference. • April, 1961 (“Operation Mongoose”)

11. JFK and Khrushchev Meet in Vienna June, 1961 Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled. JFK appears this way due to the terrible failure of the Bay of Pigs incident. Will have long reaching effects as JFK tries to negotiate future treaties with the Soviets.

12. Berlin Wall • August, 1961 • Soviets feel the need to stop the flow of people escaping to West Berlin from East Berlin. • Khrushchev feels that JFK will not act to preventthe wall from going up. • An example of what Churchill was warning the West about in his Iron Curtain Speech.

13. Alliance for Progress-1961 • Program of economic aid to Latin America. • Effort to prevent other nations from falling to Communism. Venezuelan President Rómulo Betancourt and U.S. President John F. Kennedy at La Morita, Venezuela, during an official meeting for the Alliance for Progress in 1961

14. Cuban Missile Crisis • October 15, 1962 U.S. reconnaissance photos showed • missile sites in Cuba! • Defense Secretary • McNamara suggested • a “quarantine” to • block missile delivery. • Soviets backed down in • exchange for U.S. • promise not to • invade Cuba. • JFK won back some of • his “lost” prestige as a • Cold War president.

15. Limited Test Ban Treaty • “Limited Test Ban Treaty” • 7/1963 JFK’s greatest • achievement. • Treaty outlawed nuclear • testing in the atmosphere, • in outer space and under water. • Soviets though refused onsite • inspections. • France and China, the other • nuclear powers refused to sign. • Important since it was a step in • the right direction of limiting nuclear arms testing. • July, 1963

16. Five Paragraph AP Style Essay: • Introductory paragraph • Three body paragraphs – each body paragraph needs a minimum of four well explained, described examples. UNDERLINE examples. • Conclusion • Prompt: “Discuss how the period from 1953-1964 appeared to be a paradox for the U.S., both as a confident era, but also an insecure one”. • Brainstorm three categories of proof and some examples to support them.