AFRICA

1. AFRICA

2. Did You Know? • 2nd largest continent in the world • One-fifth of Earth’s land surface • Earliest evidence of human beings

3. Africa’s Geography

8. Discussion #1 • Have you ever had to move or did someone close to you move? • Why did you/they move?

9. People on the Move

10. People on the Move • Migration: A permanent move from one country or region to another • Causes of migration: • Push-pullfactors: push people out of an area or pull them into an area • What are some examples of PUSH factors? • What are some examples of PULL factors?

11. People on the Move • Experts can trace migrations over time by studying the spread of languages • Most languages in Africa can be traced back to one parent-language: Bantu • Bantu-speaking Africans moved south & east out of Nigeria from 3000BC- 1100AD • Spread their language and culture

12. People on the Move • Experts can trace migrations over time by studying the spread of languages • Most languages in Africa can be traced back to one parent-language: Bantu

13. People on the Move • Reasons for migration: • Slash and burn farming • Overpopulation and search for more land

14. Discussion #2 • Do you have a friend you spend a lot of time with? • What tends to happen when you start hanging around the same person for a long time?

15. Africa: The Influence of Trade

16. East Africa: Early Kingdom of Aksum • Located on Red Sea in present day Ethiopia • Through trade (ivory!) Aksum (350AD) absorbed many elements of Roman culture,including Christianity

17. East Africa: Coastal Trade Cities • Bantu-speaking people established coastal villages • Muslim and Persian traders settled in port cities around 639AD • Swahili was formed: blended language of Bantu and Arabic • Blending of religions of Christianity, Islam and traditional beliefs

18. East Africa: Coastal Trade Cities

19. Coastal Trade Cities & Slave Trade • Swahili cities became wealthy through trade(gold, ivory, etc) • By 1300, more than 35 trading cities

20. Coastal Trade Cities & Slave Trade • Muslim traders sent Africanslavesto the Middle East, India, China • Numbers of traded slaves remain small (about 1,000 a year) until the 1700s, when Europeans start buying slaves for colonial plantations

21. Discussion #3 • Have you ever traded with someone for something? What factors are necessary for a mutually successful trade? • How do scarcity and abundance affect trade?

22. West Africa:The Gold-Salt Kingdoms Ghana Mali Songhai

23. The Gold-Salt Trade • All 3 kingdoms controlled the GOLD-SALT trade at some point in time • Occurred in west Africa near the northern part of the Niger River

24. The Gold-Salt Trade • Although rich in gold, West Africa’s savanna & rain forests LACKED salt • Fortunately, the Sahara Desert contained large deposits of salt

25. The Gold-Salt Trade • Arab traders crossed the Sahara with SALT, cloth & manufactured goods • West African traders collected gold from the forested regions

26. The Gold-Salt Trade • Met in trading cities where they would exchange goods

27. Did You Know? Arab traders from North Africa learned how to cross the Sahara Desert with the help of the camel… • Could cover as much as 60 miles a day • Could travel more than 10 days without water (twice as long as most pack animals)

28. Ghana: The Trading Kingdom (AD 500 to 1200)

29. Ghana: The Trading Kingdom • Ghana’s Wealth: • Ghana grew rich by taxing trade that crossed through the kingdom • Ghana’s wealth enabled the kingdom to build a large army & conquer neighboring regions

30. Ghana: The Trading Kingdom • The king acted as a religious leader, chief, judge, & military commander • Only the king could own gold nuggets – WHY?

31. Ghana: The Trading Kingdom • As a result of the trade, Ghana’s rulers converted to Islam and helped spread the religion

32. Ghana: The Trading Kingdom • Ghana’s Decline: • Warwith a nearby kingdom weakened Ghana’s empire • Led to internal division & eventual decline…

33. The Kingdom of Mali (AD 1235 to 1400) • After Ghana’s decline, no single kingdom controlled the Gold-Salt Trade • Consequently the Gold-Salt Trade experienced a decline

34. The Rise of Mali • In 1235 Mali rose to power on the same territory • Quickly expanded to the Atlantic Ocean under the rule of Sundiata • Gained control of the Gold-Salt Trade

35. Discussion #4 • What can you infer about the man in this picture?

36. The Kingdom of Mali • Mansa Musa is the most famous African ruler • Skilled military leader who expanded the empire • Under his reign Mali became verywealthy from Gold-Salt Trade

37. The Kingdom of Mali • Mansa Musa & Religion: • Was a devout Muslim • In 1324 went on a hajj to Mecca • Led to MANY changes in Mali…

38. The Kingdom of Mali • Mansa Musa built mosques, schools & libraries where people could study Islam • As a result Timbuktu, the capital city, became a cultural center for Islam

39. The Kingdom of Mali • Mali’s Decline: • Weak rulers after Mansa Musa • (Internal & external problems) • Declines & people begin to break away…

40. The Kingdom of Songhai (1450 to 1600) • Mali declines in the 1400s & the Songhai set up an empire

41. The Kingdom of Songhai • Sunni Ali: • Muslim ruler who expanded the empire by military conquest • Built a professional army • Conquered the city of Timbuktu

42. The Kingdom of Songhai • After Sunni Ali’s death, his son took over but faced a revolt by Muslims who thought he didn’t practice their religion faithfully • Askia Muhammad took control • Created a well-organizedempire, with an efficient system of government • Laws were based on the Koran

43. The Kingdom of Songhai • Empire was full of wealth & learning but lacked modern weaponsleading to its collapse • 1591, a Moroccan fighting force of several thousand men equipped with gunpowder & cannons crossed the Sahara and invaded Songhai

44. Discussion #5 • Conclude: Describe 3 factors that influenced the development of early African societies