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Petroleum Generation

Petroleum Generation. Petroleum Geology Class 745 Spring 2002. Istvan Csato University of South Carolina Department of Geological Sciences. I. Organic Matter. II. Petroleum Generation. III. Source Rock Evaluation. IV. Thermal Maturation Models. Sequence Stratigraphy.

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Petroleum Generation

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  1. Petroleum Generation Petroleum Geology Class 745 Spring 2002 Istvan Csato University of South Carolina Department of Geological Sciences

  2. I. Organic Matter II. Petroleum Generation III. Source Rock Evaluation IV. Thermal Maturation Models

  3. Sequence Stratigraphy

  4. Controls on total organic matter • Productivity • Grain size • Sedimentation rate • Oxidation/Reduction

  5. Preservation of Organic Matter Demaison and Moore, 1980

  6. Conversion of Organic Matter • biopolymers • bitumen • biomarkers Barker, 1996

  7. I. Organic Matter II. Petroleum Generation III. Source Rock Evaluation IV. Thermal Maturation Models

  8. Conversion of Kerogen Organic matter: 1% • Kerogen 90% • Bitumen 10% Barker, 1996

  9. Kerogen Evolution Paths Tissot et al., 1974

  10. Variation of the HC/TOC, Los Angeles and Ventura Basins Philippi, 1965

  11. Depths and Temperatures for Onset of Oil Generation Tissot et al., 1975

  12. General Scheme for Hydrocarbon Formation Tissot et al., 1974

  13. I. Organic Matter II. Petroleum Generation III. Source Rock Evaluation IV. Thermal Maturation Models

  14. Questions for exploration geologist: • Does the the rock have sufficient organic matter? • Is the organic matter capable of generating? • Has this organic matter generated petroleum? • Has the generated petroleum migrated out? • Is the rock oil-prone or gas-prone?

  15. Quantity of Organic Matter: TOC must be greater than 0.5% Type of Organic Matter:

  16. Maturity Thermal Alteration Index, Paris Basin Correia, 1971

  17. Maturity Kerogen Maturation Profile, Louisiana Gulf Coast Vitrinite: woody, Type III kerogen Barker, 1996

  18. Maturity Vitrinite Reflectance Data Dow and O’Connor, 1982

  19. Maturity Vitrinite Reflectance Profile, Elmsworth Field, Canada Welte et al., 1984

  20. Disturbing of Vitrinite Reflectance Barker, 1996

  21. Elemental Data For Kerogen Peters, 1986

  22. Pyrolysis Increase of S1 with Depth S2 S1 Tmax Barker, 1996

  23. Pyrolysis Yield of Hydrocarbons with Increasing Temperature S2 S1 S2/TOC = HI S3/TOC = OI S1 S2 Tmax Barker, 1974

  24. Changes in TR and Tmax Espitalie et al., 1977

  25. HI versus OI Peters, 1986

  26. Evaluation of Geochemical Parameters Peters, 1986

  27. I. Organic Matter II. Petroleum Generation III. Source Rock Evaluation IV. Thermal Maturation Models

  28. Kinetics of Chemical Reactions KER = BIT + RESIDUE At t=0 KER= Vo, BIT=0 At t>0 KER=Vo-Vt, BIT=Vt dV/dt= k(Vo-Vt) k=A*e[-E/RT] Arrhenius equation R =Gas constant (0.008314 KJ/mol0K) T=absolute temperature E=activation energy A=frequency factor

  29. Activation Energy Barker, 1996

  30. Bond Energies March, 1985

  31. Increasing Reaction Rate with Temperature Barker, 1996

  32. Bitumen Release Curves with Different Activation Energies Barker, 1996

  33. Bitumen Release Curves with Different Frequency Factors Barker, 1996

  34. Increase in Reaction Rate Barker, 1996

  35. Bitumen Release Curves for 8 Parallel Reactions Juntgen and Klein, 1975

  36. Distribution of Activation Energies, Paris Basin Tissot et al., 1987

  37. Temperature Factors used by Lopatin Dmaturity = (Dti)(rni) TTI (Time-Temperature Index) Barker, 1996

  38. Burial History Plot Barker, 1996

  39. Calculated TTI Barker, 1996

  40. Calibration of TTI Waples, 1980

  41. Time-Temperature Reconstruction, Big Horn Basin, Montana Hagen and Surdam, 1984

  42. Kinetic Model of Tissot and Espitalie, 1975 Tissot and Espitalie, 1975

  43. Kinetic Model of Sweeney et al., 1987 Sweeney et al., 1987

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