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How Human Failures Lead to Ineffective Pest Management Programs

This book explores the reasons behind the failure of closely matched armies in battle and draws parallels to ineffective pest management programs. It examines the types of human failures that lead to unsuccessful pest management, using case studies from Hawaii and India. The book highlights the importance of learning, anticipating, and adapting to effectively manage pests and plant diseases.

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How Human Failures Lead to Ineffective Pest Management Programs

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  1. How Human Failures Lead to Ineffective Pest Management Programs Marshall W. Johnson Department of Entomology University of California, Riverside mjohnson@uckac.edu

  2. Interested in American history from 1600’s to the Present

  3. Premise of the Book Why do battles between closely matched armies sometimes result in unexpected defeats that are out of line with initial expectations?

  4. Premise of the Book Why do battles between closely matched armies sometimes result in unexpected defeats that are out of line with initial expectations? Given no major technological advantage on either side, human behavior is commonly the deciding factor. Learning is important.

  5. What does failure on the battlefield have to do with managing pests and plant diseases in agriculture? Why do effective pest management programs sometimes fail?

  6. What does failure on the battlefield have to do with managing pests and plant diseases in agriculture? Why do effective pest management programs sometimes fail? Because insects can evolve and humans don’t behave as expected

  7. Presentation Objectives • Define and discuss the various types of human failures that prevent successful pest management when all necessary technological tools are available for success; • Review case history of Liriomyza leafminer problem in watermelon in Hawaii; • Review case history of Papaya ringspot virus problem in Hawaii; and • Review case history of Heliocoverpa armigera resistance to transgenic Bollguard cotton in India

  8. Failure to Learn Failure to Anticipate Failure to Adapt Our War with the Insects: Analysis of Lost Battles Johnson 2005

  9. FAILURE TOLEARN Failure to absorb readily accessible lessons from recent history Our War with the Insects: Analysis of Lost Battles Johnson 2005

  10. Information that IndividualsCommonly Fail to Learn • How to identify common arthropods in crops • How to sample for arthropods in crops • What are the economic thresholds or action levels for treatment • How to use degree days to time control actions • How to calibrate sprayers • How various pesticides impact targeted pests • How biological control works

  11. FAILURETO ANTICIPATE An inability to foresee and take appropriate measures to deal with a specific pest behavior, or a likely response to human actions Our War with the Insects: Analysis of Lost Battles Johnson 2005

  12. Phenomena GrowersCommonly Fail to Anticipate Seasonal variation in insect populations Movement of pests from senescing crops Fluctuations in insect densities due to biological control Development of pesticide resistance Pest resurgences and secondary pest upsets

  13. The essence of ‘failure to anticipate’ is the failure to take reasonable precautions against a known hazard

  14. FAILURE TO ADAPT An inability to cope with unfolding events Our War with the Insects: Analysis of Lost Battles Johnson 2005

  15. ATTENTION These ideas do not apply to cases where newly arrived INVASIVE SPECIES are the problem.

  16. Chronological Comparisonof Failures Learning failures have their roots in the past Anticipatory failures look to the future Adaptive failures suggest an inability to handle the changing present

  17. Levels of Failure RESEARCH LEVEL University, Federal & State Govt, Industry, Private consultants, Funding programs EDUCATION LEVEL University, Cooperative Extension, USDA, State DOA, Industry REGULATOR LEVEL State DOA, EPA, USDA APHIS-PPQ FIELD / GROWER LEVEL Growers, Consultants, Pest Control Districts, Cooperatives

  18. Levels of Failure RESEARCH LEVEL University, Federal & State Govt, Industry, Private consultants, Funding programs EDUCATION LEVEL University, Cooperative Extension, USDA, State DOA, Industry REGULATOR LEVEL State DOA, EPA, USDA APHIS-PPQ FIELD / GROWER LEVEL Growers, Consultants, Pest Control Districts, Cooperatives Information Flow

  19. ACCUMULATIVE FAILURE Aggregate Failure = Simultaneous occurrence of two failure types Catastrophic Failure = Simultaneous occurrence of three failure types

  20. Catastrophic Failure MAJORDISASTER: Unless outside assistance can be provided or unless the ability to cope can be rekindled, management (i.e., success) will be impossible.

  21. Failure to Learn Failure to Anticipate Failure to Adapt Catastrophic Failure

  22. Presentation Objectives • Define and discuss the various types of human failures that prevent successful pest management when all necessary technological tools are available for success; • Review case history of Liriomyza leafminer problem in watermelon in Hawaii; • Review case history of Papaya ringspot virus problem in Hawaii; and • Review case history of Heliocoverpa armigera resistance to transgenic Bollguard cotton in India

  23. Watermelon in Hawaii

  24. Arthropod Pests of Watermelon in Hawaii Attack non-marketable vegetative parts of plant • Vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard • Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) • Melon aphid (cotton aphid), Aphis gossypii Glover • Melon thrips, Thrips palmi Karny • Carmine mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduuval) • Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporarioum (Westwood) • Melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) • Green garden looper, Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper.) Attack marketable fruit

  25. LEAFMINERS MELON APHID MELON THRIPS MELON FLY GREENHOUSE WHITEFLY GREEN GARDEN LOOPER CARMINE MITE

  26. Background • In 1978 & 1979, watermelon growers in the Kahuku area of the island of Ohau, Hawaii, experienced tremendous crop losses due to infestations of the leafminers Liriomyza sativae Blanchard and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) • Between 1976 & 1978, the Hawaii Dept of Agriculture released numerous imported parasitoid species for leafminer control. Some established and provided control • University of Hawaii researchers obtained data that indicated watermelon could be grown with minimal leafminer damage if the leafminer’s natural enemies were conserved by dramatic reduction in insecticidal applications

  27. Leafminers under control Leafminers out of control

  28. Background • In 1978 & 1979, watermelon growers in the Kahuku area of the island of Ohau, Hawaii, experienced tremendous crop losses due to infestations of the leafminers Liriomyza sativae Blanchard and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) • Between 1976 & 1978, the Hawaii Dept of Agriculture released numerous imported parasitoid species for leafminer control • University of Hawaii researchers obtained data that indicated watermelon could be grown with minimal leafminer damage if the leafminer’s natural enemies were conserved by dramatic reduction in insecticidal applications

  29. Diglyphus Chrysocharis Ganaspidium Halticoptera

  30. Background In 1978 & 1979, watermelon growers in the Kahuku area of the island of Ohau, Hawaii, experienced tremendous crop losses due to infestations of the leafminers Liriomyza sativae Blanchard and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) Between 1976 & 1978, the Hawaii Dept of Agriculture released numerous imported parasitoid species for leafminer control University of Hawaii researchers obtained data that indicated watermelon could be grown with minimal leafminer damage if the leafminer’s natural enemies were conserved by dramatic reduction in insecticidal applications

  31. WATERMELON Critical Management Components Biological control Surveillance of pest populations Proper timing of pesticide applications Application of selective pesticides Alternative control methods for aphid vectors of cucurbit viruses

  32. CASE HISTORY Leafminers on Watermelon (Before IPM Program) LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT / CRITICAL MANAGEMENT COMPONENT IMPLEMENTATION Biological Control Research Introduction of natural enemies for biological control of leafminers Education / Extension Advise conservation of natural enemies Grower Failure: Loss of potential effectiveness of natural enemies due to destruction by pesticides

  33. CASE HISTORY Leafminers on Watermelon (Before IPM Program) LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT / CRITICAL MANAGEMENT COMPONENT IMPLEMENTATION Biological Control Research Introduction of natural enemies for biological control of leafminers Education / Extension Advise conservation of natural enemies Grower Failure: Loss of potential effectiveness of natural enemies due to destruction by pesticides FAILURE TO LEARN

  34. CASE HISTORY Leafminers on Watermelon (Before IPM Program) LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT / CRITICAL MANAGEMENT COMPONENT IMPLEMENTATION Surveillance of Pest Populations Research Critical Failure: Did not anticipate need to develop monitoring techniques for watermelon pests in Hawaii Education / Extension Grower Failure: Applied pesticides regardless of need

  35. CASE HISTORY Leafminers on Watermelon (Before IPM Program) LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT / CRITICAL MANAGEMENT COMPONENT IMPLEMENTATION Surveillance of Pest Populations Research Critical Failure: Did not anticipate need to develop monitoring techniques for watermelon pests in Hawaii Education / Extension Grower Failure: Applied pesticides regardless of need FAILURE TO ANTICIPATE

  36. CASE HISTORY Leafminers on Watermelon (Before IPM Program) LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT / CRITICAL MANAGEMENT COMPONENT IMPLEMENTATION Proper Timing of Pesticide Sprays Research Critical Failure: Did not anticipate need to develop Density Treatment Levels (DTL’s) for pests Education / Extension Grower Failure: Overuse of pesticides, promotion of pesticide resistance, destruction of leafminer parasitoids

  37. CASE HISTORY Leafminers on Watermelon (Before IPM Program) LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT / CRITICAL MANAGEMENT COMPONENT IMPLEMENTATION Proper Timing of Pesticide Sprays Research Critical Failure: Did not anticipate need to develop Density Treatment Levels (DTL’s) for pests Education / Extension Grower Failure: Overuse of pesticides, promotion of pesticide resistance, destruction of leafminer parasitoids FAILURE TO ANTICIPATE

  38. WATERMELON CRITICAL MANAGEMENT COMPONENTS FAILURES Biological control Learning Surveillance of pest populations Anticipatory Proper timing of pesticide applications Anticipatory Application of selective pesticides Anticipatory Alternative control methods for aphid vectors of cucurbit viruses Anticipatory Pesticide Resistance Management Adaptive

  39. Failure to Learn Failure to Anticipate Failure to Adapt Catastrophic Failure Area-wide Development of Resistance in Liriomyza trifolii

  40. Conserve natural enemies of Liriomyza sativae and Liriomyza trifolii by reducing pesticide usage

  41. CASE HISTORY Leafminers on Watermelon (During IPM Program) LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT / CRITICAL MANAGEMENT COMPONENT IMPLEMENTATION Biological Control Research Introduction of natural enemies for biological control of leafminers Education / Extension Advise conservation of natural enemies Grower Leafminer natural enemies conserved & control obtained usually without pesticides

  42. For melon fly control apply malathion bait sprays to corn borders adjacent to watermelon plantings Conserve leafminer natural enemies by redirecting melon fly treatments away from watermelon foliage

  43. Natural Enemies

  44. Use plastic mulch to deter aphid buildup on small plants and reduce weed densities Remove watermelon mosaic virus-infected plants and control aphids when virus is present in the planting or adjacent plantings.

  45. CASE HISTORY Leafminers on Watermelon (During IPM Program) LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT / CRITICAL MANAGEMENT COMPONENT IMPLEMENTATION Proper Timing of Pesticide Sprays Research Establishment of nominal Density Treatment Levels (DTL’s) for major pests Education / Extension Growers advised of established DTL’s Grower Pesticides applied within 48 hours of perceived need for applications

  46. Leaf Samples Melon Thrips Injury Checking Tips Vine Tips

  47. CASE HISTORY Leafminers on Watermelon (During IPM Program) LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT / CRITICAL MANAGEMENT COMPONENT IMPLEMENTATION Surveillance of Pest Populations Research Development of monitoring techniques for watermelon pests in Hawaii Education / Extension Techniques used in WM IPM Project Grower Decisions to apply pesticides based on routine survey data and DTL’s

  48. Failure to anticipate may not result from analysis of data but from sources of data

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