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Cold War Foreign Policy (1945-1991) Lesson One

Cold War Foreign Policy (1945-1991) Lesson One. Truman Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon. Ford Carter Reagan H.W. Bush.

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Cold War Foreign Policy (1945-1991) Lesson One

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  1. Cold War Foreign Policy(1945-1991)Lesson One Truman Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan H.W. Bush

  2. The Superpowers United States (U.S.) Democracy Free trade Nuclear power Soviet Union (U.S.S.R) Communist Controlled economy Nuclear power Stars and Stripes Hammer and Sickle

  3. Cold War Tensions It refers to a mutual distrust between the two superpowers ideologies. U.S. wants democracy, capitalism, free trade U.S.S.R. wants communism, planned economies, and trade dominated by the USSR.

  4. United Nations (June 1945) Collective security organization The United Nations (replaced defunct League of Nations) Picture 1- Security Council (15 members with five permanent members including the U.S., Great Britain, China, France, and Russia [formerly U.S.S.R]) Picture 2- General Assembly (194 member nations today)

  5. Potsdam Meeting (July 1945) New “Big Three” meet in Potsdam, Germany Truman announced the existence of the a-bomb (Potsdam Declaration). Cold War begins here Problems: No free elections in Eastern Europe occupied by the Soviets when WW II ended. Distrust over not sharing a-bomb secrets with an ally.

  6. Partitioned Germany At the Yalta meeting (Feb. 1945) the “Big Three” decided to partition Germany. It was divided into a West Germany and East Germany. Berlinwas a divided city despite being squarely in the Soviet occupation zone. Partitioned Germany

  7. The Iron Curtain Stalin makes Eastern Europe into “satellite nations” Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the Soviet dominated region the, ”Iron Curtain” Satellite Nations

  8. Containment Foreign policy concept defining steps to be taken by the U.S. to prevent the spread of communism in the post-war world. George F. Kennan

  9. National Security Act, 1947 It created the a restructured military apparatus to help the modern president confront a myriad of volatile situations. Department of Defense (Pentagon) Joint Chiefs of Staff Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) The first official covert agency in US history. Covert operations of the 50’s in Iran and Guatemala led to the overthrow of governments and the installation of pro-U.S. dictators.

  10. Marshall Plan U.S. plan to rebuild Europe in order to prevent the spread of Communism to Western Europe (containment). 16 nations received $13 billion in aid. Stalin turned down aid offered to Soviet bloc nations. George Marshall Secretary of State

  11. Truman Doctrine On March 12, 1947, Truman asked Congress for $400 million in economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey. He declared that “it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” (containment) Harry S. Truman

  12. Berlin Airlift, 1948 Containment Stalin’s siege to cut off West Berlin that lasted for 327 days. The U.S. Air Force flew 277,000 flights to constantly resupply the city. U.S. won this first confrontation of the Cold War First Cold War Confrontation

  13. China (1945-1949) Civil war between pro-U.S Chiang Kai-shek [Nationalist] and U.S.S.R. supported Mao Zedong [Communist]. Nationalist fled to Formosa [Taiwan] Truman is said to have “lost” China by conservatives in both political parties. Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong

  14. North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO) The alliance led by the United States. Entangling alliance warned about by George Washington in 1797. Fear of Senate Republicans in 1919 over the League of Nations

  15. Warsaw Pact(1955) Soviet counterpart to NATO. U.S.S.R and her 7 “satellite nations” Intervened in East Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia between 1953 and 1967 to end any movement toward democracy.

  16. Korean War (1950-53) June 1950, N. Korea invaded S. Korea. U.S. and 15 other nations agreed to help S. Korea through the UN. Macarthur launched the Inchon offensive What was the strategy? A. offensive- attack above the 38th parallel (MacArthur) B. defensive- stop at the 38th parallel (Truman) The Forgotten War

  17. Korean War (1950-53)Truman vs. MacArthur In November 1950, the Chinese entered the war fearing MacArthur may attack them. MacArthur wanted to attack China and suggested even using the A-bomb (offensive strategy). Truman was against this. The general talked to the press and to Republicans about his plan. The President had to act- he fired MacArthur for insubordination. The American public sided with MacArthur at first but later came to agree with Truman’s stance for a limited war. The Protagonists

  18. Korean War (1950-53) A cease-fire went into effect in June 1951. The 38th parallel was agreed to as a “demilitarized zone” The result was a divided Korea. 38th Parallel

  19. Korean War (1950-53) An armistice was agreed to in July 1953 after Eisenhower won the “52 election and went to Korea. Cost the U.S. $67 million dollars and 54,000 deaths Threatened to use h-bomb (brinksmanship) Armistice

  20. Eisenhower Administration(1953 – 1961) Ends the Korean War Eisenhower Doctrine Brinksmanship or Massive Retaliation Increased the role of the CIA Dwight D. Eisenhower

  21. Eisenhower Administration 1952- H-bomb Secretary of State John Foster Dulles Brinksmanship/Massive Retaliation policy This policy stressed a reduction in conventional military forces while increasing air defenses, the nuclear options, and the deliver vehicles for the nuclear weapons. Dwight D. Eisenhower John Foster Dulles

  22. Domino Theory President Eisenhower announced that after the French fiasco at Diem Bien Phu in 1954 that the U.S. had to help South Vietnam. Geneva Accords (1954) Divided Vietnam into two nations Domino Theory in SE Asia

  23. Eisenhower Doctrine President Eisenhower extended the Truman Doctrine to cover the Middle East. The U.S. would defend the Middle East against any attack by a communist country Middle East

  24. Eisenhower DoctrineSuez Crisis (1956) Problem: A new pro-Soviet government in Egypt nationalized or took control of the canal. Great Britain, France, and Israel invaded and took over the canal. The U.S. and U.S.S.R. averted a crisis by getting their puppets to back off. Suez Crisis

  25. The Thaw In 1953, Soviet leader Josef Stalin died. Nikita Khrushchev became the new Soviet leader. Eisenhower and Khrushchev met for a summit. “Spirit of Geneva “ Dwight D. Eisenhower Nikita Khrushchev

  26. Hungary, 1956 In 1956, Hungarians revolted against Soviet rule. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev and the Warsaw Pact nations invaded Hungary. Eisenhower did not help the pro-democracy movement in fear of war with the U.S.S.R Dwight D. Eisenhower Nikita Khrushchev

  27. Space Race Goal: To bury the West Soviets moved ahead in the space race in 1957 with the launching of Sputnik I (first manmade satellite). U.S. spent millions to catch up and launched the Telstar satellite in 1958 A. Philip Randolph

  28. Space Race The U.S. Congress created a new agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), to win the space race. Rocket technology, intercontinental ballistic missiles, and satellites were quickly developed.

  29. U-2 Incident U-2 pilot, Francis Gary Powers, was shot down over USSR while flying a covert aerial recon mission for the CIA. Powers was shot down, put on trial, and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Ike stopped the U-2 flights but never apologized to USSR. This ruined possible arms reduction summits in the future. Gary Powers

  30. Short-Term Results of Containment 1) It blocked German reunification- U.S. supported the pro-U.S. West Germany while a pro-Soviet East Germany formed by 1950. 2) Military alliances or collective security emerged: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) U.S. and allies Warsaw Pact (1955) Soviet Union and “satellite nations” United Nations (1945) 3) Cold War spread from Eastern Europe to the Middle East, East Asia (China), and Southeast Asia (Korea, Vietnam) 4) 45 year Cold War between the two superpowers

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