11.2 The Russian Empire

1. 11.2 The Russian Empire Russia grows out of a blending of Slavic and Byzantine cultures and adopts Eastern Orthodox traditions.

2. Russia’s Birth • Emergence of Russian Culture • Byzantium trades with Slavs—groups living north of the Black Sea. • Eventually Slavic and Greek traditions produce Russian culture. • Geography of Russia • Russian territory: west of Ural Mountains, and Black Sea to Baltic Sea • Forests in north, hilly grasslands in south, three great rivers

3. Guests from Overseas, Nicholas Roerich (1899).

4. Russia’s Birth • Slavs and Vikings • In the 800s, Vikings settle among Slavs, and move to Kiev • Vikings and Slavs mix cultures and become one.

5. The Invitation of the Varangians by Viktor Vasnetsov:

6. The people of KievanRus and linked to the Byzantines by way of the Dnieper River and across the Black Sea

7. Russia’s Birth • Kiev Becomes Orthodox • Princess Olga of Kiev visits Constantinople and converts to Christianity • Her grandson, Vladimir, becomes leader of Kiev around 980 • In 989, Vladimir has all Kiev citizens baptized in the Dnieper River • Beliefs and traditions of Orthodox Christianity flourish in Kiev

8. Why Orthodox Christianity? “The earliest Russian chronicle reports that Vladimir and his advisers decided against Islam as the official religion because of its ban on alcohol…..” “Why Vladimir chose Orthodox Christianity over the Latin version is not precisely known. The magnificence of Constantinople seems to have been a consideration.” Earth and Its Peoples, third ed., page 233-234

9. Baptism of Saint Prince Vladimir,by Viktor Vasnetsov Icon of Vladimir

10. Kiev’s Power and Decline • Kievan Russia • Vladimir expands Russia into Poland, and north to the Baltic Sea. • Vladimir’s son, Yaroslav the Wise, rules Kiev in 1019. • Forges alliances, creates legal code, and builds churches. The only contemporary image of Yaroslav the Wise. It is from his seal.

11. Monument to Yaroslav in Kiev

12. Kiev’s Power and Decline • Kiev’s Decline • Yaroslav divides realm between his sons, which causes a civil war. • Kiev’s commerce is further weakened by the Crusades (War tends to slow foreign trade, especially since they were trading with Constantinople). • The Crusades are a clash between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land.

13. The Mongol Invasions • The Mongols • Mongols, nomads from central Asia, begin conquests in the early 1200s. • Kiev falls in 1240 to Genghis Khan’s grandson, Batu Khan. • Mongols rule much of Russia for the next 200 years.

14. Russia Under Mongol Rule:“The Golden Horde”

15. Flag of the Golden Horde

16. The Mongol Invasions • Mongol Rule in Russia • Mongols give Russians many freedoms, but demand obedience and tribute. • Russian nobles such as Alexander Nevsky support the Mongols. • Mongol rule isolates Russia from the rest of Europe. • Nevsky defended Russia from invasion from Sweden and Germany while collaborating with the powerful Golden Horde. Icon of Alexander Nevsky. He is venerated as a saint of the Russian Orthodox Church

17. Russia Breaks Free • The Rise of Moscow • Moscow is founded in the 1100s, located near Russia’s three main rivers. • Moscow’s Powerful Princes • Moscow's princes grow strong under Mongol rule throughout the 1300s. Both the flag and coat of arms of Moscow uses the emblem of Saint George and the Dragon. This legend seems to be symbolical of Moscow throwing off its Mongol rulers.

18. Russia Breaks Free • An Empire Emerges • Late in the 1400s, Ivan III becomes prince of Moscow and challenges Mongol rule. • He takes the name “czar,” Russian for “Caesar,” and vows to restore Russia. • Russian and Mongol armies face off at Ugra River in 1480. • Both armies retreat and Russia gains freedom from Mongol rule.