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RUSSIAN EMPIRE

RUSSIAN EMPIRE. Russia had to go EAST for trade – oops! China! Tsar from Russian aristocracy called boyars – Romanov Dynasty…PETER THE GREAT “Grand Embassy” – go west to learn culture, manufacturing and military techniques (westernization)

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RUSSIAN EMPIRE

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  1. RUSSIAN EMPIRE Russia had to go EAST for trade – oops! China! • Tsar from Russian aristocracy called boyars – Romanov Dynasty…PETER THE GREAT • “Grand Embassy” – go west to learn culture, manufacturing and military techniques (westernization) • Established St. Petersburg (war with Sweden) to gain Baltic coast and new govt. capital • Goal: merit not birth appointments

  2. RUSSIA GOES EAST • Runs into Qing in Mongolia and Central Asia • They need to find a solution: work with Jesuit interpreters for border, diplomacy & customs treaties • Treaty of Nerchinsk - Mongols couldn’t exploit the competition - Russia could go to Pacific (furs) Russia began to move into colonization and European-style empire – beyond land empire

  3. MING TO QING • Ming did not have Mongolia, Tibet…the end came w. natural disasters, technology lag, agriculture & population distress, migration, silver inflation, uprisings by tenant farmers • China did not become industrialized: 1. offended Confucian beliefs (merchants low) 2. Economy favored agriculture (industry taxes) 3. Defense of borders expensive

  4. QING • Manchus invaded – Qing Dynasty (openness) • Safe roads, lowered taxes, encouraged trade KANGXI :child emperor, isolated in Forbidden City Friends with Jesuits, peace w. Russia, expansion TRADE: wanted to control European trade…open 3 market cities & Europe had Canton England loved tea – wanted to expand trade and rectify trade imbalance (silver into China)

  5. QING • George Macartney sent for trade diplomacy • Refused to kowtow to emperor – sent home • China seen as “bad, despotic” – cultural differences! • Europe saw Russia as more like them – shifted power and status quo

  6. JAPAN • 1600’s Tokugawa Shogunate – peace! • Shoguns maintained castle town and warriors (samurai) – decentralized …better trade • Capital at Edo – (later Tokyo) • Shogun – daimyo (landholding samurai) – samurai – peasants – merchants* • Farmers heavily taxed…move to cities (urban) • Kabuki, haiku, noh, geisha

  7. JAPAN • Structured society, but Portugese shipwreck and European trade opened up more trade • Firearms replaced the sword • Francis Xavier brought Jesuits – Christians and Shoguns clashed after an uprising…Buddhism STOP THE SPREAD OF FOREIGN INFLUENCE • Became a closed country – 200 years closed to Europeans (Nagasaki remained open)

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