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Swine diseases

Swine diseases . Coccidiosis. confinement rearing and continuous farrowing Isospora suis (most common) Eimeria carrier sows – source of oocyts piglets 5 days old to weaning. Coccidiosis. Clinical signs yellow to clear, pasty to watery diarrhea (7-10 days) Dehydration

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Swine diseases

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  1. Swine diseases

  2. Coccidiosis • confinement rearing and continuous farrowing • Isosporasuis(most common) Eimeria • carrier sows – source of oocyts • piglets 5 days old to weaning

  3. Coccidiosis • Clinical signs • yellow to clear, pasty to watery diarrhea (7-10 days) • Dehydration • rough hair coat • failure to gain weight • no blood • acidic feces (in contrast to E. coli) • Dehydration • Morbidity is high • but mortality is • variable, often moderate

  4. Coccidiosis cont... • Diagnosis • Diarrheas in pigs <7days old are not Isospora! • Necropsy - fibrinonecrotic enteritis • Histopathology - oocysts, merozoites • Fecal flotation can be falsely negative • Treatment • Adding coccidiostats to feed is ILLEGAL • amprolium to piglets • Control - disinfection of farrowing area: • Strong bleach or ammonium compounds • Between farrowings, steam cleaning • Installation of perforated metal or plastic flooring in the crates will be beneficial in the control of coccidiosis

  5. Coccidiosis lower jejunum and ileum.

  6. Rota virus • Reovirus • Almost all pigs are infected: species specific • Diarrhea in nursing and postweaned pigs • Diarrhea appears, usually white to yellow in color • moderate dehydration • Vomiting occurs but is not a major clinical sign • Morbidity is variable but mortality usually is low or none when good housing and husbandry is present.

  7. Rota virus • Diagnosis - difficult • Necropsy-thin walled small intestine • Histopathology • Flourescent antibody test • Electron microscopy

  8. Rota virus cont... • Treatment • Dextrose and fluids • Antimicrobials for concurrent infections • E. coli • Isospora • Control • Rotaviruses are very stable in the environment: formaldehyde and chlorine-based disinfectants including chlorox • Wean pigs on good nutritional diet • MLV vaccine at 7 and 21 days (in water) and also for dams

  9. Dont forget Salmonella • Salmonella typhimurium • Salmonella cholerasuis • Fibrinonecrotic enteritis or colitis at necropsy • Rectal strictures • Culture of organism

  10. Swine dysentery • Brachyspira hyodysenteriae: Gram-negative, anaerobic spirochete • Brachyspira (Serpulina) pilosicoli (similar but less severe c.s.) • Grower / finishers (not in < 3 weeks) • Mortality can be up to 30% • lagoon water: two months, moist feces: two months, soil: 18 days • Transmission: fecal-oral and fomites, rats, birds

  11. Swine dysentery • Clinical signs • diarrhea : with gray to yellow, mucoid feces • watery, bloody, mucoid • most recover in 2 weeks but 50% may die • Dehydrated: sunken eyes, marked weakness, hollow flanks and weight loss • Large intestine/cecum SD is a severe disease affecting the colon (large intestine) of pigs causing diarrhoea, frequently mixed with mucus and blood, which can lead to death.

  12. Swine dysentery

  13. Swine dysentery cont... • Diagnosis • Necropsy - mucohemorrhagiccolitis • histopathology • Spiral shaped organism on dark field microscopy • Culture is definitive • Treatment • carbadox, lincomycin (water) and tiamulin • Control • Quarantine: 30 – 60 days • medicated water, depopulation, close herd • vaccine only reduces clinical signs

  14. Proliferative enteropathy • Lawsonia intracellulare • Bent, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria • proliferative illeitis, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome • Large intestine: hyperplasia of crypt enterocytes with inflammation and sometimes ulceration or hemorrhage • hamsters, ferrets, guinea pigs, foxes, horses, lambs, rabbits, rats, dogs, white-tailed deer, emus

  15. Proliferative enteropathy • Weanlings and older • Clinical signs • Acute diarrhea with brownish to black unclottedblood • pallor, weakness, and rapid death are common; • Subacuteto chronic cases occur more frequently in the grower stages • sporadic diarrhea, wasting, and variation in growth rate • lesions often include necrotic enteritis and can be easily confused with salmonellosis. • anemia (think gastric ulcer first) • Morbidity and mortality with either presentation is variable

  16. Proliferative enteropathy cont... • Diagnosis • Necropsy - “garden hose” ilium and colon • can be hemorrhagic or fibrinonecrotic • Histopathology - intracellular, silver positive • DNA probes • Treatment and control • No specific treatment • Reduce stress • Medicate feed - tylosin, tetracyclines, lincomycin, tiamulin, and carbadox • Live vaccine in water

  17. Proliferative illeitis

  18. Whipworms • Trichuris suis • pasture • 2-6 months of age • Large intestine

  19. Whipworms • Clinical signs • Anorexia • mucoidor mucohemorrhagicdiarrhea • dehydration, and possibly death of severely affected animals • anemia (2 DDX?) • Diagnosis - fecal float, fibrinnecrotic colitis • Control – dichlorvos, levamisole and fenbendazole

  20. Whipworms

  21. Don’t forget Salmonella! • Salmonella typhimurium • Salmonella cholersuis • associated with rectal strictures? • Can be large intestine • Fibrinonecrotic colitis • Rectal strictures • Culture

  22. Parasites of pigs • Trichuris suis - colon • Ascaris suum - small intestine, milk spots • Stephanurus edentatus - kidney • Macrocanthorynchus hirudinaceous -small intestine

  23. Neurological diseases • Hypoglycemia • Streptococcus suis: Gram-positive • Salt poisoning • Edema disease

  24. Hypoglycemia • Newborn piglets • Blood glucose <50mg/dL may develop signs • Clinical signs • convulsions • shivering • hypothermia • gait abnormalities

  25. Hypoglycemia cont... • Diagnosis • Blood glucose • Empty stomach • Treatment • 20ml/kg 5% dextrose, warm fluids • Control • make sure the milk is flowing

  26. Salt poisoning • Usually due to water deprivation rather than too much Na • Causes hyperosmalarity of CNS resulting in swelling and edema • Clinical signs • thirst, constipation • depression, blindness, convulsions

  27. Salt poisoning cont... • Diagnosis • History • Clinical pathology-eosinopenia, hypernatremia • Histopathology - eosinophilic meningitis • Treatment • None • Control • provide free access to water • reduce salt in diet

  28. Musculoskeletal diseases • Arthritis • S. suis, Erysipelothrix, A. pyogenes • Mycoplasma hyosynoviae • Myodegenerative disease • Malignant hyperthermia (PSE) • White muscle disease

  29. Suppurative arthritis • Streptococcus suis: gram positive • Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: gram positive rod • Actinomyces pyogenes • May see loss of cartilage • Due to fighting, surgical contamination • Distended joints, abscesses • Penicillin - treatment often no good

  30. Suppurative arthritis

  31. Mycoplasmal arthritis • Mycoplasma hyosynoviae • 4-12 weeks of age • acute or chronic lameness • non-suppurative arthritis/synovitis • edema of synovial tissue • Lincomysin to treat

  32. Mycoplasmal arthritis

  33. Reproductive disease • Parvovirus • Leptospirosis: gram - spirochete • PRRS: Arterivirus • Brucellosis: gram negative

  34. Porcine parvovirus • 100% prevalence: endemic • Important signs • large numbers of mummified fetuses • increase in the number of returns to estrus • small litters • failures to farrow, decreased farrowing rate, • rarely abortion • Transmission: secretions, oro-nasal, transplacental Poor conception rates, reabsorbed litters, mummies and small litters

  35. Porcine parvovirus • Transient leukopenia • Signs depend on time of infection • <30days - embryo resorbed • 30-70days - mummy • >70days - dead or weak, survive normally • no other signs of illness • SMEDI - stillbirth, mummy, embryonic death, infertility • Diagnosis - detection of virus in mummy by immunofluorescence or by rising titer

  36. Parvo - SMEDI

  37. Porcine parvovirus cont... • Control • Resistant to environmental degradation and many disinfectants • Natural infection of gilts before breeding • Commingle gilts with sows • Grind up mummies and feed to gilts • Vaccination! • Killed vaccine: breeding animals • may still get some losses

  38. Leptospirosis • Leptospirosis • Leptospira interrogans (serovars pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, and bratislava) • Leptospira borgpetersenii (serovars sejroe and tarassovi) • Leptospira kirschneri (serovar grippotyphosa) • serovar L. hardjo :bovines and has been reported to infect pigs in close proximity • Zoonosis

  39. Leptospirosis • CS • Adult: mild fever and inappetence for a few days, last trimester abortion, stillbirths, weak litters, • Piglets: fever, anorexia, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, icterus, convulsions in occasional pigs and a failure to grow and gain weight and sudden mortality in piglets Placentitis

  40. Leptospirosis • Diagnosis • Culture difficult • Dark field microscopy of fetal fluids, urine • Serology (<1:800) • Necropsy: interstitial nephritis or generalized kidney scarring which may only be noticed at slaughter as “white-spotted kidneys

  41. Leptospirosis cont... • Treatment • Chlortetracycline in feed/ oxytetracycline, tylosin, and erythromycin • Control • Vaccination • Gilts twice before first breeding • Sows before every breeding • Rodent control

  42. PRRS • Porcine reproductive/respiratory syndrome • Arterivirus • Premature farrowing • Small weak piglets or stillborns • increased numbers of mummies • Delayed or abnormal estrus • Serology to diagnose • Vaccination for prevention Abortions, mummies and weak pigs

  43. Brucellosis • Brucella suis: gram negative • Zoonotic • Ist agent to be weaponized by US ~ 1950 • Rare in US • A cooperative, 3-stage, State-Federal-Industry eradication program was initiated with a goal of eradication of brucellosis. • Goal is nearly accomplished in domestic herds, but feral swine remain a reservoir in the US.

  44. Brucellosis • Transmission: direct contact • ingesting aborted fetuses, fetal membranes or fluids discharged at the time of abortion • Clinical signs • abortion at any time in gestation • infertility - many sows coming back into heat (abortions in first trimester) • infected sows recover and deliver normally • Lesions • mild endometritis • arthritis • orchitis

  45. Brucellosis Lesions in the uterus of a pig caused by B. suis

  46. Brucellosis cont... • Diagnosis • The buffered, acidified plate antigen (BAPA) test and the standard card test (SCT) have been used extensively as presumptive test • confirmation, either the standard tube test (STT) or the particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (PCFIA) • Culture: most accurate • Treatment and control • Test and slaughter (depopulate ~ 2-3 months)

  47. Abortions/stillbirths • Parvo virus • PRRS • Pseudorabies • Lepto

  48. References • http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_dis_spec/swine/ • http://www.ncsu.edu/project/swine_extension/ncporkconf/2002/roberts.htm • http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/pbs/zoonoses/Erysipelas/erysipelasindex.html • http://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/new-vdpam-employees/food-supply-veterinary-medicine/swine/swine-diseases/haemophilus-parasuis- • http://vetpath.wordpress.com/category/necropsy-cases/

  49. References • http://www.fmv.utl.pt/atlas/figado/pages_us/figad015_ing.htm • http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/disease.php?name=influenza&lang=en • http://microgen.ouhsc.edu/a_pleuro/a_pleuro_home.htm • http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/51205.htm&word=leptospirosis%2Cin%2Cpigs

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