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Swine diseases

Swine diseases . Respiratory diseases. Atrophic rhinitis: Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida (primarily type D) Swine influenza: influenza virus Mycoplasma pneumoniae: “enzootic pneumonia,” Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: Gram-negative Pasteurella: Gram negative

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Swine diseases

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  1. Swine diseases

  2. Respiratory diseases • Atrophic rhinitis: Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida (primarily type D) • Swine influenza: influenza virus • Mycoplasma pneumoniae: “enzootic pneumonia,” • Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: Gram-negative • Pasteurella: Gram negative • Verminous pneumonia

  3. Atrophic rhinitis • Bordatellabronchiseptica • aerobic, Gram-negative rod • Pasteurellamultocida • Gram negative coccobacillus • High ammonia • Restricted to swine (described in dog and goat) • In the United States, AR is becoming a rare disease as • early weaning, age segregation and/or vaccination.

  4. Atrophic rhinitis – clinical signs • Hx: Described in 1830 and in US in 1944 • Clinical signs: 1wk - weaning • early stages: snuffling, sneezing, snorting, • Epiphora, +/- epistaxis • which may progress: atrophy and distortion of the turbinates, nasal and facial bones of some affected pigs • twisted snouts

  5. Atrophic rhinitis cont... • Dff: rhinitis: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRS), pseudorabies virus (PRV), inclusion body rhinitis (cytomegalovirus), or excessive dust or ammonia • Diagnosis • Necropsy - 2nd premolar or 1st cheek tooth in pigs less than 6 months of age • Nasal culture for either organism

  6. Atrophic rhinitis Toxigenic P. multocida produce a potent toxin that causes a rhinitis with progressive osteopathy of facial and turbinate bones

  7. Atrophic rhinitis • Treatment • tetracyclines in the feed: farrowing/weaning • LA200 to neonates • Control or eradicate • improvement of husbandry: management and housing, including ventilation, all in all out, reduce stress • vaccination program for the breeding stock, pigs, or both.

  8. Swine influenza • Influenza virus: type A influenza viruses (family Orthomyxoviridae). • Zoonotic • Serologic surveys show that nearly all of the herds in the Midwest have antibodies to SIV • Outbreaks associated with movement or extreme weather changes • up to 100% morbidity • low mortality unless secondary bacterial infection complicates things

  9. Swine influenza - Hx • Swine influenza subtype H1N1: • 1st appeared in western Illinois in 1918 • influenza pandemic that killed an estimated 20 million people worldwide • interspecies transmission: among swine, chickens, ducks, turkeys, many wild birds and people • 2 or more strains of virus: potential for reassortment (genetic “shift”). • H3N2 and H1N2 emerged during the 1990s: triple reassortment” variants that are comprised of swine, human, and avian viral genes

  10. Swine influenza - CS • inflammation with widespread degeneration and necrosis of cells lining bronchi and bronchioles • Sudden: sudden onset of fever, occulonasal discharge, prostration and weakness • Progression: paroxysmal coughing over a relatively short course of 5-7 days • low mortality Both lungs are non-collapsed. There is diffuse tan consolidation of cranial lobes, and multifocal lobular consolidation of the caudal lobes, consistent with bronchointerstitial pneumonia Credit: Dr. B. Janke, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory

  11. Swine influenza cont... • Diagnosis • Necropsy - cranioventral pneumonia: • fluorescent antibody technique on fresh lung sections • immunohistochemistry techniques on formalin-fixed lung sections • Treatment - supportive • Prevention • closed herd • control secondary infections • keep away from humans (no shows!) • inactivated by many disinfectants (2 wks environment)

  12. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae • Enzootic pneumonia: acute and severe disease, PRDC (porcine resp dz complex) • Weaned – grower/finisher • increases the severity of several other infections: (PRRS) and influenza • Carrier swine • very costly, widespread disease of swine, largely because of its negative effects on growth rate and feed efficiency

  13. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae • Transmission: direct, aerosal, transplacental • Most common cause of chronic pneumonia • Chronic, non-productive cough • Low mortality • Secondary bacterial complication • Dff

  14. Mycoplasma cont... • Diagnosis • Necropsy - “plum colored”or pale cranio-ventral pneumonia • Culture to rule out secondary bacteria fluorescent antibody, immunohistochemical, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques

  15. Mycoplasma cont... • Treatment - Lincomycin in feed • Prevention - improve management

  16. Actinobacilluspleuropneumonia (APP) • Gram-negative, capsulated, coccobacillary rod • Host specific • Intensive swine operations • Inapparent carriers Release toxins

  17. Actinobacilluspleuropneumonia • Peracute, acute, and chronic forms • Clinical signs • severe respiratory distress • death marked dyspnea with mouth breathing +/- bloody discharge from the mouth and nose

  18. Actinobacillus cont... • Risk factors: • Overstocking, inadequate ventilation, coinfection with other respiratory pathogen, stress • Diagnosis • necropsy - fibrinous pleuropneumonia • often diaphragmatic lobes most severe • culture is difficult • complement fixation serology • Treatment • ceftiofur (Naxcel) and procaine penicillin • Control • vaccination of young pigs

  19. Actinobacillus • Classic lung lesions caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. • Focal areas of necrotizing pneumonia isolated in the dorsal and caudal portions of the lungs is a diagnostic feature. • the entire lung lobe can also be involved. • fibrinous pleuritis is common

  20. Pasteurella multocida • Gram negative coccobacillus • Most common bacterial isolate from pig lungs • opportunistic pathogen • mycoplasma, influenza, actinobacillus, stress • clinical signs • moist productive cough • dyspnea • some die

  21. Pasteurella cont... • Diagnosis • necropsy - suppurative cranio-ventral bronchopneumonia • may be pleuritis similar to actinobacillus • culture • Treatment - penicillin, tetracyclines • Control • look for underlying disease • medicate feed and water (tetracyclines)

  22. Pasteurella pneumonia

  23. Verminous pneumonia • Ascaris suum - direct life cycle • pneumonia, hepatitis, and ill thrift • Metastrongylus elongatus - earthworm intermediate • Problem with pasture pigs • Clinical signs • poor doer • respiratory distress • Secondary bacterial infection • “Milk spots” liver, worms in the GI • Levamisole, ivermectin

  24. Verminous pneumonia • 15-40 cm long, thick bodied, round worms • Eggs persist in environment 15 yrs

  25. Gastrointestinal diseases • Stomach • Ulcers • Small intestine • E. coli (piglets): Gram-negative, flagellated bacilli • TGE (piglets): coronavirus • Clostridium (piglets): large, anaerobic, Gram positive bacillus • Coccidiosis (>7 days): protozoa • Rota virus (post weaning) • Salmonella (any): Gram-negative bacilli

  26. Gastrointestinal disease cont... • Large intestine • Swine dysentery (grower/finishers): Gram-negative, anaerobic • Proliferative enteropathy (grower/finishers) • Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome • Proliferative illeitis • Whipworms (growers) • Salmonella (any): Gram-negative bacilli

  27. Gastric ulcer disease • Almost always the pars esophagea (non-glandular stomach) • Non-specific lesions • Can lead to “bleed-out” • Predisposing factors... • Finely ground feed • Stress • Vit E/Selenium def • Weaning onwards

  28. “Bleed out” Melena, ulceration of squamous portion of stomach, anorexia

  29. Colibacillosis • E. coli: Gram-negative, flagellated bacilli • Most impt cause of diarrhea in piglets <5 days old!!! • O157:H7, does not appear to cause disease in swine • Toxins • Clinical signs • clear watery to pasty brown feces • dehydration and depression • death losses higher in younger pigs

  30. Colibacillosis cont... • Diagnosis • ph of feces (>8) • culture of organism (large number) • necropsy - dilated gas filled small intestine • Treatment • Ampicillin, tetracyclin, gentamicin, fluids • Control • sanitation, vaccination of sow

  31. Colibacillosis

  32. TGE - transmissable gastroenteritis • Coronavirus (similar to FIP) • Epidemic form (all ages) • Endemic form (1-8 weeks old) • WINTER disease • Clinical signs • Neonates (1-8 days)– watery diarrhea with undigested milk, vomiting and high mortality rates in piglets • Growers, finishers - diarrhea recovers <7days • Morbidity and mortality high in pigs <2weeks old

  33. TGE cont... • Diagnosis • ELISA, immunoflourescence of gut contents • Necropsy • undigested milk in small intestine • thin walled, transparent small intestine • Treatment - supportive • Control • isolate new additions for 2 weeks, keep dogs and bird away (carriers) • Immunization of sows or piglets • Grind up piglet guts and feed to pregnant sows

  34. TGE

  35. tge Distended intestine with fluid ingesta thin translucent intestinal wall

  36. TGE

  37. Clostridial enteritis • Clostridium perfringens type C • sudden death in 1-2 day old piglets • Clinical signs • BLOODY DIARRHEA • Diagnosis • Necropsy - blood in jejunum with flecks of mucosa, necrosis of small intestine • Clinical signs • Histopathology - large gram positive rods

  38. Clostridial enteritis

  39. Clostridial enteritis cont.... • Treatment • usually die too quickly • type C antitoxin • Control • Sanitation • Type C antitoxin within minutes of birth • Vaccination of sow • Prophylactic bacitracin or penicillin to piglets

  40. References • http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_dis_spec/swine/ • http://www.ncsu.edu/project/swine_extension/ncporkconf/2002/roberts.htm • http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/pbs/zoonoses/Erysipelas/erysipelasindex.html • http://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/new-vdpam-employees/food-supply-veterinary-medicine/swine/swine-diseases/haemophilus-parasuis- • http://vetpath.wordpress.com/category/necropsy-cases/

  41. References • http://www.fmv.utl.pt/atlas/figado/pages_us/figad015_ing.htm • http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/disease.php?name=influenza&lang=en • http://microgen.ouhsc.edu/a_pleuro/a_pleuro_home.htm

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