A Second Global Conflict and the End of the European World Order

1. A Second Global Conflict and the End of the European World Order 31

2. Figure 31.1 The victorious Japanese armies subjected the tens of thousands European and American prisoners captured in their swift conquest of southeast Asia in 1941–1942 to forced marches to remote prison camps. Many of those who survived these "death marches" perished in the harsh conditions of internment. This photograph, stolen from Japanese files by Filipinos during Japan's three-year occupation, shows Japanese soldiers standing guard over American prisoners of war just before the "death march" began.

3. Chapter Overview • Old and New Causes of a Second World War • Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific • The Conduct of a Second Global War

4. Chapter Overview • War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff in the Cold War • Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa

5. TIMELINE 1930 C.E. to 1960 C.E.

6. Old and New Causes of a Second World War • Guomindang • Chinese reunification • Japanese invade • Manchuria, Manchuko, 1931

7. Old and New Causes of a Second World War • Rehearsals: Dictators, Militarism, and the Agony of the Spanish Civil War • Germany • Response to Soviet Union, World War I losses • National Socialist (Nazi) party • Italy • Ethiopia

8. Total War, Global Devastation • Development factors • Nationalism • Steadily more destructive weapons • Vast use of resources • Emotional commitment • Passionate propaganda • Destruction • Psychological suffering • Physical decimation of weaponry

9. Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific • Winston Churchill • The Japanese Invasion of China • 1937 • Guomindang retreat • Deadly contest to control east Asia

10. Figure 31.2 As Chinese resistance to Japanese invasion in 1937 and 1938 stiffened, the invading armies resorted to random, mass executions to cow Chinese soldiers and civilians into submission.

11. Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific • The Partition of Poland and Nazi Preparations for War in the West • Germany • Invades Poland, 1939 • Britain and France declare war

12. Figure 31.3 Sober-faced and weeping Czechs watch the entry of the Nazi armies into Prague in the spring of 1939, as Hitler completes the takeover of the tiny democracy that was betrayed by the duplicity and cowardice of Allied leaders.

13. The Conduct of a Second Global War • West reacts slowly • Nazi Blitzkrieg, Stalemate, and the Long Retreat • Germany • Conquers France, Low Countries • Vichy • Northern Africa

14. Map 35.1 World War II in Europe and the Middle EastThe Nazi empire in Europe and the Middle East both rose and fell with remarkable speed but at the cost of tens of millions of lives.

15. The Conduct of a Second Global War • Nazi Blitzkrieg, Stalemate, and the Long Retreat • Britain • Winston Churchill • Battle of Britain • Russia • Germany invades, 1941 • 1943, driven back

16. Figure 31.4 Erwin Rommel was the Germans' most daring general, earning the nickname "the Desert Fox" when he fought in north Africa. In 1944, when it was clear that Germany was losing the war, he came under suspicion of having plotted to kill Hitler. Rommel was given the choice of taking poison and being buried as a hero or being tried for treason. He chose poison; his death was presented to the German public as the result of war injuries.

17. The Conduct of a Second Global War • From Persecution to Genocide: Hitler's War Against the Jews • Holocaust begins, 1942 • Up to 12 million "undesirables" killed • 6 million Jews • Western Allies • Did not accept immigrants • Did not use military assets to strike against concentration camps

18. The Conduct of a Second Global War • Anglo-American Offensives, Encirclement, and the End of the 12-Year Reich • Pearl Harbor, 1941 • United States joins Allies • Americans and British • North Africa, 1942 • Success against Germans, Italians

19. The Conduct of a Second Global War • Anglo-American Offensives, Encirclement, and the End of the 12-Year Reich • Americans and British • France, 1944 • Battle of the Bulge • Germany surrenders, 1945 • Suicide of Hitler

20. Figure 31.5 U.S. warships in flames at the American base at Pearl Harbor following a Japanese attack on December 7, 1941. The attack brought the United States into World War II.

21. The Conduct of a Second Global War • The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific War • Japan • Attacks U.S., 1941 • Indonesia, Malaya, Burma, Philippines

22. Map 35.2 Asia and the Pacific in World War IIAlthough the human cost in this theatre of the war was the highest in China, the decisive battles were fought on the seas and islands of the vast Pacific Ocean.

23. The Conduct of a Second Global War • The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific War • U.S. • Some success by late 1942 • Battle of the Coral Sea • Midway Island • Air attacks on Japan, 1944 • Atomic bombs • Hiroshima, Nagasaki

24. War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff • United Nations (UN) • Security Council • U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, France, China • World Court

25. War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff • From Hot War to Cold War • Teheran Conference, 1944 • U.S., Britain, France • Yalta Conference, 1945 • Germany, four occupation zones • Potsdam Conference, 1945 • Germany, Austria divided, occupied • Japan invaded, loses territories

26. War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff • From Hot War to Cold War • Korea freed, divided into two zones • China • Regains territory • Communists v. Nationalists • Baltic States • Become Soviet provinces • Except Yugoslavia, Greece

27. Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa • Total war • Atlantic Charter of 1941 • Self-determination

28. Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa • The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia • Indian National Congress • Quit India Movement, 1942 • Gandhi • Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League • British Labour government, 1945 • Hindu/Muslim conflict • India, Pakistan, 1947

29. Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa • The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia • Gandhi assassinated, 1948 • Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Myanmar (Burma) • Peaceful independence • Philippines • U.S. grants independence

30. Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa • The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia • Dutch • Lose Indonesia to nationalists, 1949 • French • Indochina

31. Figure 31.6 In 1931 Mahatma Gandhi returned to Great Britain for the first time since his student days in 1915. Although his attempts to negotiate with British leaders came to little, he was a great hit with the British public, in part because of his sly sense of humor. When asked if he was embarrassed to meet King George V in the scant khadi-cloth apparel he wears in this photo, Gandhi quipped that the king-emperor had on enough clothes for the both of them.

32. Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa • The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa • Two models • Radical • British Gold Coast (Ghana) • Kwame Nkrumah • Convention Peoples Party (CPP) • Strikes, rallies, boycotts • Independence, 1957

33. Visualizing the PastNational Leaders for a New Global OrderMohandas Gandhi, India.

34. Visualizing the PastNational Leaders for a New Global OrderLéopold Sédar Senghor, Senegal.

35. Visualizing the PastNational Leaders for a New Global OrderGamal Abdul Nasser, Egypt.

36. Visualizing the PastNational Leaders for a New Global OrderKwame Nkrumah, Ghana.

37. Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa • The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa • Peaceful • French, Belgian territories • Negotiation • Senegal, Ivory Coast • Léopold Sédar Senghor, Felix Houphouât-Boigny • Economic ties retained

38. Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa • The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa • All French West African colonies freed by 1960 • Portuguese retain colonies

39. Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa • Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies • More conflict • Kenya • Jomo Kenyatta • Kenya African Union (KAU) • Peaceful efforts fail • Land Freedom Army • Guerilla tactics • Defeated, Kenyatta imprisoned

40. Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa • Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies • Kenya • Negotiation with Britain • Independence, 1963 • Kenyatta president

41. Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa • Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies • Algeria • Violent • Secret Army Organization (OAS) • National Liberation Front • Warfare, 1950s • Negotiations • Independence, 1962

42. Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa • The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa • Angola, Mozambique • Revolution • Independence, 1975 • Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) • Independence by 1980

43. Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa • The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa • South Africa • Afrikaners • Afrikaner National Party • White supremacy ideology • In control after Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) • Apartheid

44. Figure 31.7 Algerians celebrate after independence was announced in July 1962. Inhabitants of the city stand in triumph atop the motorcade of the PGAR (Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic), which negotiated the terms of independence with the French government. Before independence, barricades had been erected throughout the colony to keep European residential areas off limits to the Arabs and Berbers, who made up the overwhelming majority of the population.

45. Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa • Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question • Arab nations • Most independent by 1960s • Palestine • Zionist movement • Holocaust

46. Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa • Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question • Palestine • Muslim revolt, 1936–1939 • Haganah • 1948, Palestine divided • Warfare

47. Map 35.3 The Partition of Palestine After World War IIThe areas granted to the Palestinian people by the 1948 UN Partition were quickly occupied by the warring states of Israel and Egypt, Jordan and Syria.