European Imperialism: Shaping a Global Order

1. Industrialization and Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order 25

2. Figure 25.1 A romantic depiction of the 1879 Battle of Isandhlwana in the Natal province of South Africa. The battle demonstrated that, despite their superior firepower, the Europeans could be defeated by well-organized and determined African or Asian resistance forces.

3. Chapter Overview • The Shift to Land Empires in Asia • Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, 1870–1914 • Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change

4. TIMELINE 1600 C.E. to 1900 C.E.

5. TIMELINE (continued) 1600 C.E. to 1900 C.E.

6. Map 25.1 European Colonial Territories, Before and After 1800As a comparison of the two maps shows, the late 1700s marked a pivotal point of transition in both the contraction of colonial domination, particularly in the Americas and it's expansion in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.

7. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia • Prototype: The Dutch Advance on Java • Dutch • Initially pay tribute to sultans of Mataram • Take part in political rivalry • Intervene in succession wars • By 1750, dominate

8. Map 25.2 The Stages of Dutch Expansion in JavaThe consolidation of Dutch power on Java, the center of its island Asian empire, accelerated dramatically from the late 17th century.

9. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia • Keystone of World Empire: The Rise of British Rule in India • British rely on Indian troops, sepoys • Rivalry with France • British Raj • Battle at Plassey, 1757 • Robert Clive

10. Figure 25.2 Indian soldiers, or sepoys, made up a large portion of the rank-and-file troops in the armies of British India. Commanded by European officers and armed, uniformed, and drilled according to European standards, troops such as those pictured here were recruited from the colonized peoples and became one of the mainstays of all European colonial regimes.

11. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia • The Consolidation of British Rule • Mughal decline gives British opportunity • Presidencies • Capitals: Madras, Bombay, Calcutta • Rest of India indirectly ruled • Princely States

12. Map 25.3 The Growth of the British Empire in India, from the 1750s to 1858In roughly a century between the late 1700s and the 1850s, the British had built an empire that encompassed virtually the entire subcontinent of South Asia.

13. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia • Early Colonial Society in India and Java • Asian societies left in place • Europeans a dominant class • Bungalows in Batavia • Escape lethal diseases from canals • Males marry indigenous women

14. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia • Social Reform in the Colonies • British forced to take direct control • Nabobs • 1770s, famine in Bengal • British East India Company • Accountable to British government • Lord Charles Cornwallis • Indians excluded from administration

15. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia • Social Reform in the Colonies • Evangelical religion • Social reform • End to slave trade • End to sati sought • Ram Mohun Roy • Watershed • Attempt to reshape colonial society

16. Western Education and the Rise of an African and Asian Middle Class • Western education in the colonies • Children of elites • Essential for maintenance of order • British colonies • Gentlemen with sense of morality • French colonies • All modes of culture; dress, etiquette • Similar occupational opportunities • Government service or professionals

17. Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, 1870–1914 • Unequal Combat: Colonial Wars and the Apex of European Imperialism • Mass-produced weapons • Machine gun • Railroads, steam ships • Battle of Isandhlwana in 1879 • British vs. Zulu armies

18. Figure 25.3 This striking painting captures the sleek majesty of the warships that were central to British success in building a global empire. Here the Prince of Wales puts ashore British soldiers in Bengal in the northeast of Britain's Indian empire.

19. Map 25.4 The Partition of Africa Between c. 1870 and 1914As reflected in the patchwork that partition made of the continent, no area of the globe saw more intense rivalries between the European powers than Africa in the mid- and especially late-19th century.

20. Map 25.5 The Partition of Southeast Asia and the Pacific to 1914Although a number of industrial powers, including the United States, expanded into the islands of the Pacific over the course of the 19th century, the colonial possessions there were smaller and of less economic value.

21. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change • "Tropical dependencies" • Africa, Asia, South Pacific • Europeans rule indigenous peoples • Settlement colonies • "White Dominions" • e.g. Canada, Australia • Inhabitants mostly Europeans

22. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change • Second type • Algeria, Kenya, Southern Rhodesia • Large numbers of Europeans • Large indigenous numbers • Increase over time • Increasing conflict

23. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change • Colonial Regimes and Social Hierarchies in the Tropical Dependencies • Cultural influence • English language education • Missionaries run schools

24. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change • Changing Social Relations Between Colonizers and the Colonized • European communities grow • Increasing segregation • Ideas of white supremacy

25. Figure 25.4 The importance of co-opting African and Asian rulers and elite social groups for European empire building is vividly illustrated by this 1861 painting of Queen Victoria and her consort Albert presenting a Bible to an African "chief" decked out in what Victorians imagined was "native" dress attire for such a personage.

26. Patterns of Dominance:Continuity and Change • Shifts in Methods of Economic Extraction • Drive to increase production, lower costs • Many colonies become dependent • Railways, roads built to serve extraction

27. Figure 25.5 As this political cartoon of a vicious snake with Leopold II's head squeezing the life out of a defenseless African villager illustrates, an international campaign developed in the 1890s in opposition to the brutal forced-labor regime in what had become the Belgian king's personal fiefdom in the Congo after 1885. The much-publicized scandal compelled the Belgian government to take over the administration of the colony in 1906.

28. Patterns of Dominance:Continuity and Change • White Settler Colonies in South Africa and the Pacific • Relations varied • Disease decimates in some cases • Some native peoples Westernized • Some more resistant

29. Visualizing the PastCapitalism and ColonialismBritish Investment Abroad on the Eve of World War I (1913)

30. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change • South Africa • Afrikaners • Enslave Khoikhoi, San • British rule • Attempt to end slavery • Afrikaners resist • Move inland: Great Trek • Conflict with Bantu • British more involved • Natal

31. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change • South Africa • Afrikaners form republics • Two Boer Republics • Discovery of diamonds and gold • Cecil Rhodes • Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902)

32. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change • Pacific Tragedies • New Zealand • 1790s, first Europeans • Alcoholism, prostitution spread • Maoris adopt firearms • 1850s, change • British farmers, herders arrive • Maoris pushed into interior • Adopt European culture

33. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change • Pacific Tragedies • Hawaii • Captain James Cook • Prince Kamehameha • Westernization • 1810, rules Hawaiian kingdom • Disease devastates population

34. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change • Pacific Tragedies • Hawaii • Shift • Asian workers • American settlers • Push for annexation • Weak rulers pushed out • 1893, last ruler deposed • 1898, annexed by United States

35. Figure 25.6 One of the most famous, but ultimately tragic, cross-cultural encounters of the late 18th century was between Captain James Cook and the crew of the ship he commanded and the peoples of Hawaii. In this painting depicting his arrival in the islands, Cook, a renowned English explorer, is welcomed enthusiastically by the Hawaiians. When Cook was later killed due to less fortunate timing and misunderstandings with the Hawaiians, he was lamented throughout Europe as one of the great lost heroes of his age.