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Cells: The Building Blocks of Life

Explore the fascinating world of cells and learn about their structure, function, and importance in living organisms. Discover the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms, explore cell organelles, and understand the role of macromolecules and atoms in cells. This comprehensive guide will give you a deeper understanding of the basic unit of life.

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Cells: The Building Blocks of Life

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  1. What’s the difference between you and your book? • Atoms vs cells • Why isn’t your book alive? • It’s not made of cells. What is your book made of? • What are cells made of? • What are cells?

  2. (This should look familiar) Populations Organisms Organs Tissues Cells Cell organelles (nucleus) Macromolecules (proteins) molecules atoms

  3. What is a Cell? • The basic unit of structure and function of living things • Robert Hooke (1665) • By looking at a sliver of cork (made from a tree) he noticed “pores” or “cells” • Thought these once contained “stuff that kept the tree alive” • Thought they were only found in plants • He is credited with discovering the cell (important)

  4. Cork Cells under a microscope *not living cells. rather the remaining cell walls from cells that used to be alive

  5. Cell Theory • Holds true for ALL living things. • 3 parts • 1. All living things are made of cells • 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things • 3. Living cells come only from other living cells • In a process known as mitosis (which we will learn about later)

  6. Can cells live independently? • Yes. They are called unicellular (single celled) organisms. Bacteria are also single celled organisms.

  7. But most do not live independently… • Most are called “multi-cellular” organisms. • You are a multi-cellular organism • Most life that can be seen with the naked eye is multicellular

  8. Structure and Function • Structures that make up the cells are called organelles. • Means “tiny organs” • These organs make it possible for the cell to function in the way it needs.

  9. Organs • Cell Wall – found only in plant cells! • Rigid and strong. Made of cellulose • Helps protect and support the plant so it can grow tall • Stringy part of celery is cellulose (what cell wall is made of) • Though strong and rigid, it still allows water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and certain other materials to pass into and out of the cell.

  10. What is this?

  11. Cell Membrane (found in both animal and plant cells) • Outermost membrane of animal cells • Just inside the cell wall of plant cells • Cell membrane (in an animal cell) contains cholesterol. It helps strengthen the cell • Controls movement of materials in and out of the cell through tiny openings, called pores (transport proteins)

  12. Cell Membrane (cont) • Think of it as your home. You need to be able to get in and out of your house. • You need to remove the waste products before they build up. • Need to get food, water, and oxygen into house for survival. • Membrane is “Selectively Permeable” (not in notes) • membrane that will allow certain molecules to pass through it

  13. Nucleus (found in both) • Control center of the cell • “Brain” of the cell • Contains chromosomes (46 separate chromosomes to be exact) • Chromosomes single handedly direct all activities of the cell, including growth and reproduction. Hair Color

  14. Nucleus (cont) • Chromosomes make sure skin cells grow and divide into more skin cells. • Same for eye cells, muscle cells, bone cells, etc • Chromosomes made from compounds called nucleic acids (DNA) • Deoxyribonucleic Acid

  15. Nucleus (cont) • Nucleic Acids store information that help a cell make proteins. • Proteins are necessary for life • 2 types of nucleic acids • DNA and RNA

  16. mitochondria • Power plants of the cell. • Food substances (from eating) are broken down into water and carbon dioxide gas. • Large amounts of energy are released during this breakdown of substances • Mitochondria gather that energy and store it for when the cell needs it • Look like a kidney bean Chalk talk

  17. ribosomes Virus Video. Shows ribosomes • Protein factory of the cell. • Many many many ribosomes in each cell. • Without ribosomes, we couldn’t make proteins • Float freely in the cytoplasm

  18. Lysosomes-mostly in animal cells • Clean up crew (lysol-lysosome) • Contain acid • Digest old cell parts • Allows those parts to be recycled to be made into new ones • Lysosomes in a tadpole “digest” the tadpoles tail and reuse the material to make new frog parts

  19. Vacuoles-found in animal and plant • In animal cells • Gather and release cellular waste • In plant cells (much larger in plant cells) • Gather water and make plants swell and plump (healthy) • What happens when you don’t water plants?

  20. Endoplasmic reticulum • Maze of tubular passageways • Acts like a highway. It’s a transportation system to get proteins where they need to be.

  21. Chloroplasts-only found in plant cells • Green! • Contain chlorophyll • Helps capture energy from the sunlight to help produce food for plants. • Glucose • sugar

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