Democratization of forest uses and sustainability issues (4/4/07)

1. Democratization of forest uses and sustainability issues (4/4/07) • History leading to democratization of forest uses • Key turning point for democratization was Sustainability – environmental, economic, social values needed to be included • In Industrialized countries: Societal values recognized and formally included in forest management and assessment of sustainability (forest certification) • In Developing countries: Societal values not recognized and Industrialized countries pursuing their societal values in the developing country • Indonesia case study – Globalization through Forest Certification - developing countries moving towards democratic forest use • New issues threatening sustainability

2. General timeline in Ownership and Policies for Forests • 2500 BCE – 1800 = ruling class, government owned and controlled forests for themselves; exploited forests outside country bordersResult: some forests protected when set aside as reserves; over-exploitation of forests in other regions after over consumption locally • 1800-1900 = ruling class and state begin to loose control [under influence of Adam Smith’s economic theories]; vast areas of ruling class/state forests sold in Europe but exploitation in colonies continues; US Forest Service formed 1905Result: massive deforestation as lands sold to private individuals • WW I – WW II = massive deforestation after 1800 caused stringent laws passed on private forest uses in EuropeResult: regulation of how forests used on private lands • Post 1940-present = International organizations providing technical knowledge to manage forests globally, wider knowledge of forest conditions globally.Result: more difficult for a country to exploit forest resources elsewhere • Post 1970 – present = Industrialized world SOCIETY is part of forest decision-making; not management organizations alone; Developing world SOCIETY has community forests but governments own forests.Result: forests conserved in industrialized countries and exploited in developing countries, further marginalization of lower social strata with community forests in developing countries; ENVIRONMENTAL DIPLOMACY BECOMING A REALITY.

3. Definition of Democratization • Active participation of the public in policy and management decisions regarding forests • Wide range of social values needing to be included in decision-making in forests (many having no economic value in the market place)

4. History leading to Recent Democratization of Forest Uses 2500 BCE – 1800s CE = With exceptions, mostly period of ruling class or state government dominance and control of forest uses • Ruling classes (kings, nobles) setting aside forests as their own private and exclusive hunting preserves. Records go back to 2500 BCE on ruling class setting aside lands for their own use. • Babylonia – 2500 to 1000 BCE • China during Chou Empire – 1027 to 221 BCE • Assyria - ~700 BCE • Persia – 350 to 500 BCE • India emperor and religious leader Ashoka – 273-232 BCE • Roman emperor Hadrian _ 76-138 CE • Frankish period – 7th century NOT DEMOCRATIC SETTING UP OF PROTECTED AREAS

5. Kings forest in France LA BOURGOGNE EST L'UNE DES REGIONS LES PLUS FORESTIERES DE FRANCEhttp://www.foret-de-bourgogne.com/index.cgi?RUBRIQUE=FB

6. HUNTING – always big part of forest use medieval hunting scene taken from a manuscript from the Hereford Cathedral Library http://www.smr.herefordshire.gov.uk/education/hunting_scene.htm Deer and boar favorite hunting animals

7. King William I and King Harold II of England hunting with hawks in the Bayeux Tapestry http://www.answers.com/topic/medieval-hunting Medieval women hunting, illustration from a period manuscript. http://www.answers.com/topic/medieval-hunting PAST NO DEMOCRACY IN DECISIONS ON FOREST USES: Forests were set up in reserves by the ruling class and local peasants were kept out of the forests

8. An example of a lord bringing a case against someone who cut wood in his woodland in Herefordshire, is from a manorial court document of 1344: "The lord as plaintiff opposes Hugh de Wotton in a plea of trespass that Hugh and his household? have cut his wood at Heckwood to a damage of 20s and a value of 20s and he brings his suit?" “Whilst people were punished for taking or damaging trees in medieval England, the law was not as brutal as the Old German laws mentioned by the Roman author Tacitus. He noted that the penalty for someone who dared peel the bark off a living tree ( and thus killing off the tree) was to have his navel cut out and nailed to the tree and then to be driven round the tree until all his guts were wound about its trunk.“ http://www.smr.herefordshire.gov.uk/education/Medieval_Countryside.htm picture of the king discussing his trees with his subjects

9. European Conservation and Regulation of Forest Uses • Still forests owned by rulers and governments, and regulated to maintain resource supplies for their uses but principles of sustainable use or conservation of resources creeping in as defined by the ruling class • European sustainable use did not transfer to areas that they colonized

10. 1669 : The Colbert ruling on Waters and Forests. http://www.foret-de-bourgogne.com/index.cgi?RUBRIQUE=REG Louis XIV King of France and of Navarre (1638–1715), by Hyacinthe Rigaud (1701) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France Bust of Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683) Antoine Coysevox. Marble, replica of the bust commissioned by the Royal Academy of painting and sculpture for Colbert himself, then patron of the institution.

11. Motive of Colbert’s Ordonnance des Eaux et Forests of 1669 was: • Hunting • collective use of forests to provide material for building warships. This influenced forest politics in many countries in Europe. Need to own big oak forests within a country boundary. • Spanish Armada in 1588 attacking south coast of England ordered to first destroy royal forests 1669 : The Colbert ruling on Waters and Forests. http://www.foret-de-bourgogne.com/index.cgi?RUBRIQUE=REG Bust of Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683) Antoine Coysevox

12. Why setting aside forests by the ‘ruling class’ protected forests and wildlife living in them • Restrictive hunting to ruling class only so protected wildlife • Not allow plowing for agriculture – eliminated agricultural expansion and encroachment into forests • Kept local peasants from collecting materials in forests such as timber and firewood

13. Post 1940-present = International organizations providing technical knowledge to manage forests globally, wider knowledge of forest conditions globally. Result: more difficult for a country to exploit forest resources elsewhere or hide how using resources Post 1970 – present = Industrialized world SOCIETY is part of forest decision-making; not management organizations alone; Developing world SOCIETY has community forests but governments own forests. Result: forests conserved in industrialized countries and exploited in developing countries, further marginalization of lower social strata (mainly women) with community forests in developing countries.

14. In INDUSTRIALIZED countries, Society demanding Sustainability Paradigm be used to manage forests. This triggered democratization of forest uses.

15. Sustainability and Resources • Sustainability - we should use resources in ways that do not diminish them • Sustainable development: “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

16. Time-line of Operationalizing Values by Industrial Country Societies • Post-2000 – struggles with operationalizing sustainable management to include • poverty alleviation • livelihoods of forest-dependent communities • tenure rights of local or indigenous communities for forests • less funds for conservation and international organizations focusing on poverty alleviation Striking a Balance. Ensuring Conservation’s Place on the International Biodiversity Assistance Agenda. By Nicholas P. Lapham and Rebecca J. Livermore. Conservation International. 2003

17. Tri-partite model of Sustainability = economic, social, environmental requirements CONFLICTSOVER DIFFERENT SOCIETAL VALUESPolarizes resource discussionsWe do not explicitly state what values are being introduced to the dialogue

18. Categories of Human Values for Resources(Kellert 1993) Aesthetic– sensory enjoyment, making world more beautiful or appealing to the senses (cool hike in forest)Emotional – values beyond sensory enjoyment (sense of place), bond to certain natural areas, plants or animals, not like certain animals (snakes, rats)Economic – linked to tangible productsthat can be bought or sold (food, timber, energy) Ethical - beliefsEnvironmental services – intangible ‘services’ allow humans to exist on earth (O2, clean HOH)Utilitarian – use resources (farmers)Cultural – traditions part of a group of people, a community or country (forests important -Scandinavians)

19. Categories of Human Values for Resources(Kellert 1993) Green Tree Python Negative Capybara (a rodent) Positive

20. Margay, Belizehttp://www.belizezoo.org/zoo/zoo/mammals/mar/mar4.html WE VALUE:THE ‘WILD’ or non-human or virgin systems

21. But WE also VALUE:‘PETS’ OR ‘COLLECT ITEMS’ OR AS ‘MEDICINALS’- maintains active illegal trade or smuggling Rare Brazilian Parrot Rescued From Animal SmugglersNovember 13, 2002 . Reuters News Picture Service (Photo by JAMIL BITTAR) Brazil: Illegal animal smuggling big business, 2nd only to drug, arms trafficking

22. VALUE CONFLICTS: Indigenous survival activities versus economic activities driven by others hamburgers food gold Value: Utilitarian, Economic, CulturalINTRODUCING NEW LAND USE PRACTICES THAT NEVER EXISTED HERE

23. Values: Environmental, Economic, Emotional, Aesthetic • Values Conflicts: • International organizations: • stop shifting agriculturalists (slash/burn ag) in Amazon to increase carbon storage in forests • want shift to intensive agricultural farms (nutrient poor soils would not allow this to be sustainable) TRYING TO CHANGE TRADITIONAL LAND USE PRACTICES

24. Tri-partite model = economic, social, environmental requirements • ORIGIN of Sustainability Model (i.e. certification) - formalized • reactions to global DEFORESTATION and failed attempt to use economic embargos to stop deforestation (developing countries did not like being told that someone else would tell them what they could do with their resources) • recognition of the need for Sustainable Livelihoods for Resource Dependent Communities and tenure rights for indigenous groups to forestlands instead of being owned by the government • not enough to do good forest stewardship

25. Certification used by International Organizations and Conservation groups to control forest use in Developing Countries because not like Deforestation occurring in these countries http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/14/world/americas/14amazon.html?_r=1&th&emc=th&oref=slogin CONFLICTS OVER RESOURCE USES “A lone Brazil nut tree remains in a deforested area of the Amazon, which loses an area the size of New Jersey to clear-cutting and timbering every year.” Lalo de Almeida for The New York TimesA truck carried logs of native trees along Highway BR-319. The new plan will bring large-scale logging into the heart of the rain forest for the first time. by Larry Rohter, Brazil Gambles on Monitoring of Amazon Loggers. Published January 14, 2007. New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/14/world/americas/14amazon.html?_r=1&th&emc=th&oref=slogin

26. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/14/world/americas/14amazon.html?_r=1&th&emc=th&oref=sloginhttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/14/world/americas/14amazon.html?_r=1&th&emc=th&oref=slogin CONFLICTS OVER RESOURCE USES Lalo de Almeida for The New York TimesA cattle farm in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. The needs of such ranches often conflict with efforts to preserve forests.

27. Approaches Used to Control Resource Uses and also get our Values Sustainability Assessment Approaches: A. Voluntary - third party assessment to verify sustainability that is market based (forest certification, coffee certification, organic foods) – get the customer to decide what buy and pay more for resource B. Involuntary (regulations, laws, federal income tax, property tax) – customer has no say in making decision; not work well when values included with no economic return

28. Rationales for Forest Certification In Developing country context lead by industrialized countries to control how resources were used or conserved in developing countries: • Social movement in tropics • Dislike of past landpractices • Mistrust of landowners • Disjunction betweenproduction andconsumers BIODIVERSITY LOSS • In the industrialized west was driven by dislike of certain forest practices because of their impacts on conservation : • Clear-cutting • Use of single species in monocultures • Road construction to harvest forests

29. DO YOU KNOW WHERE AND HOW THESE WERE PRODUCED? Why we need 3rd independent party evaluation. Who TRUST? Disjunction betweenproduction andconsumers

30. CHICAGO/NEW YORK - U.S. consumers, long besieged and sometimes bewildered by food makers' claims about "organic" products, are about to get a government seal of approval on their premium-priced groceries. New US organic food rules to level playing field USA: October 7, 2002 Reuters News Service

31. Starbucks Preferred Supplier Status – contracts awarded to those who satisfy certification criteria Why need certification for COFFEE? Why did Starbucks hire someone to certify their program?

32. CI’s Conservation Coffee™ program provides farmers with technical assistance in growing, processing, marketing high quality coffee CI identified regions to be included in program with high environmental value Starbucks preferentially buys coffee grown under forest shade, & where create, maintain forest buffer zone around Reserves http://www.starbucks.com/aboutus/conscoffee.asp

33. Starbucks Preferred Supplier Status – contracts awarded to those who comply; http://www.starbucks.com/aboutus/conscoffee.asp In 2001, farmers in Mexico producing Shade Grown coffee received 60% price premium over local prices for coffee and exported 50% more than the previous year. BUT Nicaragua produces arabica coffee but getting 45cents/lb – not enough to cover cost of production (Reuters 11/11/2002)

34. BUT Less Industrialized Countries • Most indigenous communities in less industrialized countries have not been part of the democratization process in forest uses even though they are affected by decisions made in industrialized countries • International organizations see forests as the key to poverty alleviation in developing countries. However, this will not happen • if use forests traditionally (mainly fuelwood) and do not adopt technology being developed in energy sector to convert wood to higher energy source • If developing countries continue to be suppliers in traditional uses of forests for timber • If local elites and governments control forest access and use • If forest area increasing in industrialized countries but decreasing in less industrialized countries • If the trade-offs are forest community survival vs conservation and forest dependent communities are not allowed to collect materials from forests

35. Indonesia – empowerment of local communities when forests certified because local people forged links with global communities that allowed them to by pass traditional power structuresUNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF CERTIFICATION

36. The people first choice after kerosene price is increasing significantly: From Rp. 3,500 to Rp. 4,000 per liter in the market, The Price far more than the maximum retail price set by the government of Rp. 2,275 (US 24 cent per liter) Traditional ways to use wood as energy The silent killer (WHO) Woodfuel – traditional uses not sustainable nor environmental nor healthy

37. Indoor Concentration of Health-Damaging Pollutants:Typical Wood-Fired Cooking Stove

38. Why forest certification? • Certified Forest Management Unit is a necessary condition to achieve renewable level of forest biomass supply • Consistency and accuracy of data has been checked by expert panels and assessors DATA BECOMES IMPORTANT TODAY – ENVIRONMENTAL DIPLOMACY BASED ON IT • Recognized by public as well- or sustainably-managed forest

39. Teak trees in agroforestry Teak Plantation Source: Asep Suntana 3/26/07

40. New Issues Threatening Sustainability of Forests Todaythat Negate Achieving Societal Values from Forests

41. New Conflicts in Forest Uses: Growing or Making Drugs in the Forest August 9, 2005, latimes.com War of the weed Public lands are seeing anexplosion in pot growing,and not by hippies.By Joe Robinson, Times Staff Writer Coils of irrigation hose used by Sequoia pot growers. Ranger Dan Abbe patrols Sequoia National Park, from which 44,000 marijuana plants were removed last year. With drug lords cultivating pot on an agribusiness scale, parts of the park are no-go zones for visitors and rangers during the April-to-October growing season. (Luis Sinco / LAT)

42. New Conflicts in Forest Uses: ILLEGAL LOGGING A Merbau Tree in Indonesia's Remote Province of Papua. INDONESIA: February 18, 2005 A Merbau tree in Indonesia's remote province of Papua. Environmental activists said on February 17, 2005 they had uncovered the world's biggest smuggling racket involving a single type of wood, the merbau, with huge shipments of logs being shipped from Indonesia to China. Photo by HANDOUT-ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY-TELAPAK/HANDOUT EN/DH, REUTERS NEWS PICTURE SERVICE

43. Forest fires significant source of CO2 emissions and air pollution Singapore – smoke haze from fires in Indonesian Borneo & Sumatra 10/3/02. REUTERS NEWS PICTURE SERVICE Between 1992-2001, forest wildfires emitted 65 million metric tons of CO2in Oregon = equivalent to C in ~740,700,00 barrels crude oil New Conflicts in Forest Uses: FOREST FIRES and CLIMATE CHANGE

44. New Conflicts in Forest Uses: CLIMATE CHANGE