Classification of Living Things

1. Classification of Living Things

2. Definitions • Taxonomy – the science of classifying organisms based on biological similarities • CarolusLinnaeus – the father of taxonomy • Binomialnomenclature – the way that organisms are named using two word Latin descriptions • Kingdom – the most general description of living things (6) • Phylum – the second level of classification

3. Definitions cont… • Class – the third level of classification • Order – the fourth level of classification • Family – the fifth level of classification • Genus – a Latin name that describes a specific organism • Species – the most specific level of classification

4. Definitions cont….. • Eubacteria – a unicellular kingdom of bacteria that have a cell wall and a cell membrane made of carbohydrates • Archaebacteria – a unicellular kingdom of bacteria that are way different than the eubacterias • Plantae - multicellular kingdom of organisms that include flowering plants, mosses, and ferns • Animalia – a multicellular kingdom of organisms that includes an incredible diversity of animals • Fungi – a multicellular kingdom of organisms that can not move to get their food

5. Protista – unicellular kingdom of organisms that contain organelles and a nucleus Dichotomous Key – a tool used by scientists to determine the scientific name of an organism Scientific name - the name given to an organism using the genus and species name Common name – a nickname given to an organism classification – placing organisms into similar groups Definitions cont….

6. The "Nuts and Bolts" of Taxonomy and Classification

7. Why Classify? • There are more than 2.5 million different living things on earth. • Millions more have not yet been discovered. • Life is diverse and needs to be organized. • It is organized so that scientists all over the world have a universal method of classifying. • Organisms are placed into groups with biological similarities.

9. History of Classification: • Aristotle - 2000 years ago • Plant or Animal Stem differences Land dweller Water dweller Air dweller

10. Problems with this early system: • Some plants and animals could not be classified using this system. • People also used common names. • Common names - don’t describe things accurately • Example: Jellyfish is not a fish

11. Same common name for different species Maple Trees = Silver Maple, Sugar Maple, & Red Maple are each different species

12. By the 1700’s scientists realized that common names were too confusing. They vary among languages and even regions. Cougar, Mountain Lion, Puma

13. Binomial Nomenclature “two names” All organisms are called by their Genus and species Carolus Linnaeus 1707 - 1778

14. Canis lupus

15. Canis latrans

16. Canis domesticus

17. How are organisms classified? • Kingdom (6) • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species The least specific The most specific

18. The Six Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protists Fungi Animalia Plantae

19. Eubacteria Kingdom of bacteria that have no nucleus

20. Eubacteria • Larger of the two prokaryote kingdoms. • Surrounded by a cell wall made of carbohydrates. • Wide range of organisms; simple to elaborate • Range from living in soil to infectious bacteria. • Such a large range; number of phyla is debated.

21. Examples of Eubacteria: • Cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria) • Photosynthetic • Found throughout the world; salt water to freshwater • Some species survive in hot springs, or in the arctic • Usually a pioneer species; colonization after volcanoes

22. Archaebacteria Kingdom of bacteria that are more developed than the eubacteria

23. Archaebacteria • Lack an important carbohydrate found in the cell walls of eubacteria. • Differ in lipids, ribosomes, and gene sequences. • Organisms that live in extremely harsh environments- thick mud, digestive tracts, salty environments, and thermal vents.

24. Protista Kingdom of unicellular organisms

25. Protista • Single-celled eukaryotic organisms • Divided into three groups: • Animal-like protists • Plant-like protists • Fungus-like protists • Examples: amoeba, paramecium, euglena, slime mold

26. Fungi The mushrooms and molds

27. Fungi • Build cell walls that do not contain cellulose. • Heterotrophic- DO NOT CARRY OUT PHOTOSYNTHESIS Examples: yeast, molds, mushrooms

28. Plantae Kingdom of plants

29. Plantae • Multicellular • Cell walls contain cellulose • Autotrophic- can carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll Examples: flowering plants, mosses, ferns, multicellular algae

30. Animalia Kingdom of animals

31. Animalia • Multicellular • Heterotrophic • Cell membranes/ no cell walls • Includes incredible diversity

32. Memorize the levels of classification in order. • A good way to remember them is…… • KingPeteCaughtOverFiveGreenSnakes • Kids Playing Catch On Freeways Get Squished • You can also come up with your own sentence to help you remember them in order. • Memorize all 6 kingdoms

33. Carolus Linnaeus 1707 - 1778

34. The Father of Taxonomy • His system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms is still in wide use today (with many changes). • His ideas on classification have influenced generations of biologists during and after his own lifetime, even those opposed to the philosophical and theological roots of his work.

35. Classification • Carolus Linnaeus developed the classification system • His system was called binomial nomenclature • Organisms were named using the Latin genus and species names • An international committee keeps track of all new names • A Dichotomous Key is used by scientists to research new organisms and to figure out scientific names Let's take a look at how it works..

36. Kingdom;Animalia

37. Phylum; Chordata

38. Class; Mammalia

39. Order; Carnivora

40. Family; Ursidae

41. Genus; Ursus or Ursus

42. Species; arctos or arctos Scientific Name = Ursus arctos

43. Ursus arctos Scientific Name = or Ursus arctos Species Genus Common name = Grizzly Bear

44. Writing a scientific name • The scientific name is equal to binomial nomenclature • The genus and species name are always used • The genus name is always written first • It always begins with a capital letter • The species name is written right after the genus name • It always begins with a lower case letter • Both words must be underlined or written in italics Studentia lazyrentus

45. Name each Kingdom Number your paper from 1 to 6 1 5 3 2 6 4

46. Check your answers • Animalia • Fungi • Archaebacteria • Protista • Plantae • Eubacteria

47. Dichotomous Key • A dichotomous key is a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world, such as trees, wildflowers, mammals, reptiles, rocks, and fish. • Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item. • "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts".

48. Rules when reading a dichotomous key • Always read both choices, even if the first seems to be the logical one at first. • Be sure you understand the meaning of the terms involved. Do Not Guess. • When measurements are given, use a calibrated scale. Do Not Guess. • Since living things are always somewhat variable, do not base your conclusion on a single observation. Study several specimens to be sure your specimen is typical. • If the choice is not clear, for whatever reason, try both divisions. If you end up with two possible answers, read descriptions of the two choices to help you decide

49. Dichotomous Key Example 1. a. wings covered by an exoskeleton ………go to step 2 b. wings not covered by an exoskeleton …..go to step 3 2. a. body has a round shape …………….ladybug b. body has an elongated shape ……….grasshopper 3. a. wings point out from the side of the body …….dragonfly b. wings point to the posterior of the body ……….housefly

50. Notice that there were four organisms to be identified and it only took three steps. There should be one less step than the total number of organisms to be identified in your dichotomous key.