University Activities Reducing Environmental Impact of Transportation in EPA Region 4

1. University Activities Reducing Environmental Impact of Transportation in EPA Region 4 Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems Michael S. Mazzola, Ph.D., P.E. Associate Director for Advanced Vehicle Systems Professor of Electrical & Computer Engineering

2. CAVS and Emissions Reduction in EPA Region 4 • Research that will reduce diesel emissions. • PACCAR diesel engine manufacturing plant located near Mississippi State University. • Diesel engine research to displace diesel with propane & lower combustion temperature. • Reduce NOx emissions. • Reduce airborne fine particulate matter. • Intelligent Transportation Technology • Electrification of transportation. • Service to affect emissions reductions. • Successful outreach program to promote Hybrid Electric Vehicles. • CAVS assists Mississippi based trucking firms apply for SEDC grants. • Technical assistance to vehicle fleet owners. • Vehicle fleet performance monitoring. • Alternative fueled vehicle decision making support. • Helping stakeholders in Mississippi with 2010 change in EPA air quality standards.

3. Research

4. State Focus, Regional AssetVehicle Cluster Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems http://www.cavs.msstate.edu/

5. Some of CAVS’s Capabilities… Outreach to Manufacturers Vehicle Propulsion Systems NSF Engineering Research Center for Computational Field Simulation 1990-2001 Digital Human and Cognitive Modeling • Semiconductor Devices • Motion Capture & Virtual Reality (VR) - Industrial Ergonomics • - Mechanical Testing • Materials Characterization • 6-DOF Motion Base Driving Simulator • Blast wave simulations Fine-Scale Capability Computational Fluid Dynamics 3D Xray Tomography Technology Impact Missile Intel/Defense Computational Structural Mechanics Metamodeling-based Optimization Design Optimization High Resolution In-situ FEG-SEM Driving Simulators Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems Thermal Analysis System

6. Advanced Vehicle Systems • Diesel Combustion Engineering • Intelligent Transportation • Silicon Carbide (SiC) Power Electronics • On-Board Vehicle Power • Hybrid Electric Vehicle Integration

7. Diesel Combustion Engineering • Fuel Metering Systems (multi-fuel) • Sonic Air Flow meters • Analog/Digital Engine Data Acquisition System • Internal Combustion Engine test cells: • 105, 350, 500HP Eddy Current Dynamometer Load Cells • 150 HP AC Dynamometer • Single cylinder IC engine (variable compression ratio) • 5 gas emissions bench • Smoke meter • Vehicle and Drive train Testing • Four wheel drive, 400HP, chassis dynamometer Now teamed with PACCAR’s 12.9 liter diesel engine!

8. Making Public Transportation “Rider Convenient” with Intelligent Transportation Technology Wireless Network Web / Database Server A Bully Bus Bully’s User Interface

9. Efficient Power Electronics Examples of SiC Power Semiconductors designed into applications by CAVS within the past year. Partnered with SemiSouth, a semiconductor spinoff of MSU • Multi-Die 1200-V Rated Half-Bridge Power Module • With SBD in anti-parallel • With gate drive circuit • 0.003 Ω Rds(on) • >600 A IDSS This device just set the world record for solar inverter efficiency, > 99%!* • Multi-Die 600-V Rated Solid-State Power Controller • With SBD in chopper circuit • Pure Enhancement Mode • 0.015 Ω Rds(on) • 150 A IDSS This device reduces losses in EV electronics by up to 50%! • Single-Die 1200-V Rated TO-247 • 1500-V Avalanche • 0.1 Ω Rds(on) • 40 A IDSS Aircraft or Ground Vehicle Power Management & Distribution System Permanent-Magnet Motor Drive for Battery Electric Vehicle High-frequency AC Link Current-Source Inverter *See http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/press-and-media/press-releases/press-releases-2009/fraunhofer-ise-sets-a-new-world-record-pv-inverter-efficiency-exceeds-99-percent

10. Transmission Coupled APU’s • Hybrid propulsion for class 8 long-haul trucks may be hard sell. • But hybrid auxiliaries are popular. • Battery air conditioning–popular anti-idling strategy • Hybrid trailer refrigeration units (TRUs)–cut emissions • Next step: Powering TRU’s from transmission coupled APU’s. Defense Research; Commercial Application • Benefits of Research: • Reduce up to 1 billion gallons of fuel used in TRUs. • Attack a major source of PM.

11. PPeak = 75 kW Pcont = 30 kW Efficiency = 90% Ppeak = 100 kW Pcont > 30 kW Ppeak = 100 kW Pcont > 30 kW 3f 208 VAC/ 1f 120 VAC >30 kW, 83 A Allison Transmission Regulated HVDC PTO w/Clutch & Gearbox Generator Controller DC/AC Inverter Generator Unregulated 3f AC Mechanical Linkage DC/DC Converter 28 VDC 214 A Pcont = 6 kW Efficiency = 90% On-Board Power for Diesel Trucks • Expected Outcomes from Architecture Analysis: • Comparative fuel & electrical efficiency • Performance prediction against requirements • Versatility in meeting current & objective requirements • Thermal limits • Reliability estimation (from temperature & duty cycling)

12. MSU Equinox Architecture Exhaust Flow Mixer Zirconium Coating GM DPF 5 L Zeolite SCR Catalyst Urea Injector Johnson Controls NiMH Battery Pack 330 V / 7.0 A-hr Mototron 80-pin HEV Controller PLACE HOLDER!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1.9L GM Turbo Diesel 110 kW @ 4000 rpm 320 Nm @ 2000 rpm B20 Through-The-Road Parallel Hybrid Configuration Ballard IPT Electric Drive Unit 65 kW peak / 45 kW continuous 230 Nm peak torque Integrated 10.66:1 ratio diff. GM 6 Speed Manual Transmission

13. Education & Service

14. Education/Outreach: Vehicle competitions What was Challenge X? • A four year student design competition created by General Motors, DOE, and other industry leaders and organized by Argonne National Laboratory, that challenged students to re-engineer a 2005 GM Equinox to minimize energy consumption and emissions while maintaining or exceeding stock vehicle performance. • Award winning outreach program touched more than100,000 in Mississippi.

15. MSU Produces the Winning Team!

16. Education/Outreach: Vehicle competitions What is EcoCAR? • EcoCAR is a three year collegiate automotive engineering competition that challenges 17 North American universities to reduce the environmental impact of a 2009 Saturn Vue by minimizing energy consumption and reducing greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining its utility, safety, and performance. • The MSU team has recently chosen their architecture as a plug-in hybrid that runs on B20 biodiesel! • Presently in 3rd place.

17. SmartWay participant with a rating of 1.26. • Chose battery HVAC for EPA-ARRA-OAR-OTAQ-09-06 proposal.

18. “Georgia receives 42% more inbound traffic from KLLM than the next highest state (Texas). Due to a maintenance depot, this traffic is disproportionately in the Atlanta nonattainment region.”

19. EPA and KLLM have these beliefs in common: • Care about compliance. • Want reduced fuel consumption.

20. Technical Assistance

21. System for tracking and monitoring vehicle performance and position • Vehicle Performance Monitoring Systems • Users access information using web based interface • Provides ETA and route information for public transit systems • Provides administrative tools that can be used for improving efficiency, reducing maintenance, providing accountability

22. Supporting Fleet Decision Making • CAVS and nCode study Fleet Vehicle Usage • nCode • Collect data to determine typical drive cycles for fleet cars • CAVS • Use data to perform simulations and predict performance of HEV/PHEV options • Research economic feasibility of introducing PHEVs into fleet systems

23. Mississippi’s Current Air Quality • Mississippi is currently designated as attainment, that is, meeting all ambient air quality standards. • Areas of Concern: • Desoto County – non attainment in 2010? • The Mississippi Gulf Coast – will geography, weather and growth be in future conflict? • Action plans include alternative fueled vehicles. • Key goal of Clean Cities organizations. • Fueling infrastructure single biggest hurdle for biofuels, compressed or liquefied natural gas, and hydrogen. • “Fueling” infrastructure for the PHEV is already in every home, business, and community. Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency

24. What’s Being Done Now The Clear Skies Act of 2003 legislation provides immediate health benefits – emissions trading under Clear Skies provides incentives for power plants to reduce emissions early. Mississippi sources would reduce emissions of SO2 by 70%, NOx by 78%, and mercury by 52% by 2020 due to Clear Skies. Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality has launched a voluntary ozone reduction outreach and education effort along the Mississippi Gulf Coast, called the Clear Coast Initiative. This public-private initiative encourages local businesses and private citizens to implement their own emission reduction measures. Project Blue Sky joins a handful of other initiatives to improve Desoto County's air quality. The county also keeps careful tabs on open burning and has formed an air quality task force. MDA-ED applied for a grant from the EPA to establish a Clean Cities Coalition for DeSoto County. Clean Cities Coalitions develop public/private partnerships to promote alternative fuels and advanced vehicles, fuel blends, fuel economy, hybrid vehicles, and idle reduction. Source: Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality

25. CAVS and Emissions Reduction in EPA Region 4 (summary) • Research that will reduce diesel emissions. • PACCAR diesel engine manufacturing plant located near Mississippi State University. • Diesel engine research to displace diesel with propane & lower combustion temperature. • Reduce NOx emissions. • Reduce airborne fine particulate matter. • Intelligent Transportation Technology • Electrification of transportation. • Service to affect emissions reductions. • Successful outreach program to promote Hybrid Electric Vehicles. • CAVS assists Mississippi based trucking firms apply for SEDC grants. • Technical assistance to vehicle fleet owners. • Vehicle fleet performance monitoring. • Alternative fueled vehicle decision making support. • Helping stakeholders in Mississippi with 2010 change in EPA air quality standards.