Exploration and Expansion

1. CHAPTER 16 Exploration and Expansion Section 1: The Scientific Revolution Section 2: The Foundations of European Exploration Section 3: Voyages of Portugal and Spain Section 4: The Spanish and Dutch Empires

2. Section 1: The Scientific Revolution Objectives: • Identify the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution. • Explain how Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional thought. • Describe some of the important scientific discoveries of this period.

3. Section 1: The Scientific Revolution From Magic to Science • Roger Bacon – favored a system of scientific experimentation • Renaissance encouraged curiosity, investigation, and discovery

4. Section 1: The Scientific Revolution The New Study of Nature • Scientists formed conclusions based on observation • New tools and instruments to observe and measure

5. Section 1: The Scientific Revolution Astronomy, Physics, and Anatomy • Copernicus – heliocentric theory • Kepler and Galileo – proved Copernicus’ theory and invented telescope • Newton – laws of motion and gravitation • Vesalius and Harvey – studied anatomy and circulation

6. Section 1: The Scientific Revolution The Triumph of the New Science • Descartes – “I think, therefore I am.” • Francis Bacon • Other scientific discoveries – calculus, microscope, chemistry

7. Section 2: The Foundations of European Exploration Objectives: • Identify technological advances that made European exploration possible. • Describe the effect of the Commercial Revolution. • Explain the role mercantilism played in the colonies.

8. Section 2: The Foundations of European Exploration Improvements in Technology • Mapmaking • Navigation – development of compass • New ships – traveled farther, faster, and under greater variety of weather conditions

9. Section 2: The Foundations of European Exploration Economic Changes • Commercial Revolution – standardization of money encouraged international trade and banking

10. Section 2: The Foundations of European Exploration Mercantilism • Balance of trade – to increase country’s wealth; tariffs, subsidies • The role of colonies – colonies were not allowed to manufacture or import goods

11. Section 2: The Foundations of European Exploration Social Change • Curiosity and spirit of discovery • Hope of wealth or better way of life • Escape religious persecution or spread religion

12. Section 3: Voyages of Portugal and Spain Objectives: • Describe what the early Portuguese explorers accomplished. • Discuss how the voyages of Christopher Columbus influenced the world. • Explain why the Atlantic slave trade prospered.

13. Section 3: Voyages of Portugal and Spain Portugal’s First Explorers • Africa – slave, gold, ivory trade • Dias and Vasco da Gama – overseas trade route to India and East Indies

14. Section 3: Voyages of Portugal and Spain Christopher Columbus • Landed at San Salvadore

15. Section 3: Voyages of Portugal and Spain The Impact of Columbus’ Voyages • Columbian Exchange – American foods were introduced in Europe; Spanish brought horses to the Americas; smallpox and other diseases

16. Section 3: Voyages of Portugal and Spain Dividing the New Lands • Treaty of Tordesillas – Spain took most of Central and South America and Philippines; Portugal claimed lands in Africa, Asia, and East Indies

17. Section 3: Voyages of Portugal and Spain Vespucci, Balboa, and Magellan • Vespucci – explored America • Balboa – South Sea • Magellan – Pacific Ocean; proved that the western lands were a New World, not a part of Asia

18. Section 3: Voyages of Portugal and Spain Portuguese Expansion • Conquered lands in East Indies – allowed Portuguese to control others’ access to Asian goods and markets

19. Section 3: Voyages of Portugal and Spain The Slave Trade • Triangular trade – merchants shipped goods to Africa, slaves were sent to the Americas, merchants sent products to Europe • African kingdoms and slavery – not all African kingdoms participated in slave trade, some native populations in Africa were depleted

20. Section 3: Voyages of Portugal and Spain The Portuguese Empire Weakens • Lacked wealth and population needed to sustain expansion and colonization

21. Section 4: The Spanish and Dutch Empires Objectives: • Describe how Spain extended its power abroad and at home. • Explain why the Dutch were successful in the 1600s. • Analyze why the Spanish Empire declined.

22. Section 4: The Spanish and Dutch Empires Spain’s Colonial Empire • Conquests – Cortés conquered Tenochtitlán and built Mexico City in its place • Colonial government and society – horses, guns, disease weakened native Aztec populations; Spain grew wealthy

23. Section 4: The Spanish and Dutch Empires Spain’s Colonial Rivals • French, Dutch, and English wanted a share of Spain’s wealth and lands

24. Section 4: The Spanish and Dutch Empires Charles V • Holy Roman Emperor – had conflicting demands between being king of Spain, supporting German aims, and defending Christian Europe • Divided lands among members of his family

25. Section 4: The Spanish and Dutch Empires Philip II • King of Spain – controlled every facet of government, directed Spanish Inquisition

26. Section 4: The Spanish and Dutch Empires The Rise of the Dutch • The Netherlands break from Spain – practiced guerrilla warfare; northern provinces declared independence from Spain • Dutch society – seafaring people, religious tolerance, lively cultural center • The Dutch colonial empire – trade was controlled by Dutch East India Company; did not force their own culture or religious beliefs on other societies

27. Section 4: The Spanish and Dutch Empires The Spanish Empire Declines • Growing population • Increased costs and shortage of food, clothing, and housing • Expulsion of Jews and Moriscos – many skilled bankers, business people, commercial leaders and artisans • Flow of money out of Spain