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Exploration and Expansion

Exploration and Expansion. Essential Questions. What factors contributed to the Europeans entrance into their age of discovery and expansion? What were the general consequences of European expansion?. Technology. Compass (China) Astrolabe (Arabs)

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Exploration and Expansion

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  1. Exploration and Expansion

  2. Essential Questions • What factors contributed to the Europeans entrance into their age of discovery and expansion? • What were the general consequences of European expansion?

  3. Technology • Compass (China) • Astrolabe (Arabs) • Cartography (Ptolemy & Byzantine & Arabs) – latitude and longitude • Triangle-shaped sails (Arabs) • Gunpowder (China) • Multiple masts

  4. Reasons for Expansion • Trade with Asia • Marco Polo • Spices • Cut off by Arab empires • Economic and political expansion • Three G’s • Gold - Wealth • Glory – Power/Empire • God - Christianity

  5. Portuguese • Traveled down coast of Africa (Gold Coast) and over to India (spices) • Prince Henry the Navigator – 1419, established a school for sailors • Bartholomew Diaz – 1487, Cape of Good Hope • Vasco da Gama – 1498, around Africa to India

  6. Spanish • Columbus (1492) • Convinced Queen Isabella to support his journey • Landed on San Salvador, Hispaniola, and Cuba • Called natives “Indians” • Never realized he wasn’t in Asia • Amerigo Vespucci – suggested Columbus found the “New World” (Amerigo = America) • Magellan • 1519 Portuguese sailor sailing for Spain • Sailed around S. America (Straight of Magellan) • Named and crossed the Pacific Ocean • Killed in the Philippines • Del Cano led ship that circumnavigated the world

  7. Dividing the New World • Spain and Portugal each claimed • Turned to Pope for help • 1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas splits new territory • Brazil = Portuguese • Rest of South America = Spanish

  8. Spanish Empire • Columbian Exchange • Europe Received – corn, cocoa, potatoes, sweet potatoes, beans • Americas Received – horses, cows, pigs, sugar; ultimately disease (small pox) • Conquistadors • Cortes – took over Aztecs in Mexico • Pizarro – took over Incas in Peru • Encomienda • Indians became slaves controlled by Spanish • Indians were converted to Catholicism • Bartolome de las Casas –monk; helped Indians

  9. European Rivals • Dutch (Netherlands) • Trading company in India • Henry Hudson (1621) – claimed New Amsterdam on the Hudson River • French • Looked for the Northwest Passage through America • Da Verrazano, Cartier (Montreal), Champlain (Quebec) • Fur trade w/Indians • English • John Cabot • Francis Drake - first Englishman to circumnavigate; raided Spanish ships • Jamestown – John Smith – 1st perm. Engl. Settlement (1607)

  10. English New England settled by Pilgrims (Plymouth) and Puritans (Mass. Bay) Religious freedom Felt Anglican Church needed reforms Pilgrims – Mayflower Mayflower Compact – self-government; important document in US History

  11. New Economic Systems Joint Stock Companies (like corporations, investments) invested in colonies for profit Rise of Capitalism – means of production are privately owned; supply and demand Mercantalism – mother country benefits from colonies by exporting more than they import; gain large amounts of gold/wealth Triangular Trade – Europe, Africa, Americas; key product: slaves

  12. Slave Trade • Slavery not new to Africa • Sent to Middle East for domestic work • Sugarcane (Portuguese) • Changed slavery for Europeans • Plantations in Caribbean and Brazil • Grew fast • 16th century – about 275,000 • 17th century – over 1 million • 18th century – over 6 million • African slave traders controlled slave trade • Middle Passage • Destroyed traditional African societies as demand for slaves increased

  13. Middle Passage

  14. Results of Expansion • In Europe • Economically successful • Created rivalries as countries fought over colonies • In Asia • Increased trade with Europe • Beginning of “Western dominance” • In Africa • Dramatic increase of slave trade • European influence in the coastal areas • In the Americas • Destroyed native population • Began European dominance (Spanish)

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