Sources of the Democratic Tradition

1. Growth of Royal Power Feudalism was a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords. In exchange, these lesser lords, or vassals, pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord. In England, William the Conqueror required all vassals to swear first allegiance to him. He also built an efficient tax-collecting system that increased royal wealth and authority. Later, King Henry II broadened the system of royal justice by expanding accepted customs into common law enforced by traveling judges. Sources of the Democratic Tradition Section 5: Democratic Developments in England 1 of 30

2. Evolving Traditions of Government Henry II’s son, John, was a greedy ruler who angered his nobles by imposing high taxes and abusing his power. The barons united and forced John to sign the Magna Carta—a document that limited the king’s power and helped secure certain rights for the nobles as well as townspeople and the church. In time these rights were extended to all English citizens. What did John believe gave him the right to do as he pleased? Sources of the Democratic Tradition Section 5: Democratic Developments in England 2 of 30

3. Who had to follow the Magna Carta? Sources of the Democratic Tradition: Section 5 Color Transparency 5: Key Principles of the Magna Carta 3 of 30

4. Triumph of Parliament For hundreds of years the British monarch and Parliament struggled for power. King Charles I summoned Parliament when he needed to raise money, but would dissolve it when the legislature tried to impose limits on his power. In 1688 Protestant William of Orange invaded England and the Catholic King James II fled the throne to France. Parliament forced the new king and queen (William and Mary) to sign the English Bill of Rights, which ensured the superiority of Parliament over the monarchy. What was the name given to this revolution? What type of government did England now have? Sources of the Democratic Tradition Section 5: Democratic Developments in England 4 of 30

5. England Monarchy Monarchy with Magna Carta Monarchy and Parliament-representative government Constitutional Monarchy-English Bill of Rights Commonwealth Return to Constitutional Monarchy Fledgling United States British Colony-Constitutional Monarchy Revolution fueled by the Magna Carta Articles of Confederation-representative government U.S. Constitution-democratic republic Development of Democracy 5 of 30

6. Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment In the wake of the Scientific Revolution came the Enlightenment. This was an era in which people used reason to try to understand more about human behavior and solve the problems of society. The Enlightenment and the American Revolution Hobbes and Locke Have Conflicting Views English philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both wrote about society and the ideal form of governing it. Hobbes thought people needed strict control to rein in their naturally brutish tendencies. Locke thought people were moral at heart and were entitled to certain natural rights of life, liberty, and property, which governments were obliged to protect. Which U.S. document was influenced by the Enlightenment? Who was the author of that document? Section 1: Philosophy in the Age of Reason 6 of 30

7. The Philosophes A group of French philosophers who wrote about government, law, and society were known as the philosophes. Baron de Montesquieu believed in employing three branches of government that could balance each other’s powers. Voltaire fought the slave trade and religious prejudice with his witty writings. Denis Diderot collected Enlightenment articles in an Encyclopedia that helped to spread ideas throughout Europe and the Americas. Jean-Jacques Rousseau thought people were basically good and should be much freer from governmental controls. “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” Who came up with the idea of separation of powers that made its way into the U.S. Constitution? The Enlightenment and the American Revolution Section 1: Philosophy in the Age of Reason 7 of 30

8. The Enlightenment and the American Revolution: Section 1 Color Transparency 101: Enlightenment Ideas About Government 8 of 30

9. The Enlightenment and the American Revolution: Section 1 Note Taking Transparency 120 9 of 30

10. Britain Becomes a Global Power At the time of the American Revolution, Britain was a world superpower. It had begun to build its empire and already controlled trade with much of North America, the West Indies, and India. George III came to power in 1760 and was determined to assert his control. Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense during this time. The Enlightenment and the American Revolution Section 3: Birth of the American Republic 10 of 30

11. The Enlightenment and the American Revolution: Section 3 Note Taking Transparency 122 11 of 30

12. The Enlightenment and the American Revolution: Section 3 Color Transparency 104: Enlightenment Thinkers 12 of 30

13. French Society Divided Before the French Revolution, France operated under a social system (Old Regime) in which there were three classes of people. The highest (First Estate) was made up of the clergy, the next (Second Estate) was composed of the nobility and the lowest was for everyone else. Members of this lowest class, called the Third Estate, paid most of the taxes and made up about 98% of the population. Under the Old Regime, which estate(s) held the most power? Which Estate do you believe was most likely to embrace Enlightenment ideas? The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 1: On the Eve of Revolution 13 of 30

14. Financial Troubles France suffered from soaring debt during the lavish reigns of Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis XVI. Finally, Louis XVI was forced to summon the Estates-General in hopes of ending the crisis. The French Revolution and Napoleon Louis XIV Calls the Estates-General Delegates to the Estates-General could not agree on a fair way to vote. Members of the Third Estate finally declared that they constituted a National Assembly and were joined by some reform-minded clergy and nobles. What were the common people facing when the Estates-General was called? What did the Third Estate want at the Estates-General meeting? Section 1: On the Eve of Revolution 14 of 30

15. Why did the National Assembly take their oath in an indoor tennis court? What was the French statement of revolutionary ideals called? The Tennis Court Oath Delegates of the Third Estate declare themselves to be the National Assembly, representing the people of France. They take the Tennis Court Oath vowing to create a constitution or revolutionary ideals. 15 of 30

16. Parisians Storm the Bastille When rumors spread that royal troops were going to occupy the capital, a crowd of Parisians broke into the Bastille looking for weapons. How was this a symbolic act of revolution? The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 1: On the Eve of Revolution 16 of 30

17. The French Revolution and Napoleon: Section 1 Note Taking Transparency 75 What triggered the French Revolution? 17 of 30

18. Terror and Danger Grip France The Convention, or legislative body, created the Committee of Public Safety and gave its 12 members almost absolute power in response to the threats from inside and outside the country. Under the leader, Maximilien Robespierre, this Committee set out on a Reign of Terror—during which suspected enemies of the state were hastily tried and often put to death by guillotine. The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 3: Radical Days of the Revolution The Revolution Enters Its Third Stage Moderates took over after the Reign of Terror and the Convention produced the third constitution since 1789. Inflation and the resurgence of royalist feelings caused politicians to rally around war hero Napoleon Bonaparte. 18 of 30

19. The French Revolution and Napoleon: Section 3 Note Taking Transparency 77 19 of 30

20. Napoleon Rises to Power Napoleon was a military hero to the French and moved from being a general to being a member of a three-man Consulate who ruled France. Through votes by French citizens, he then rose to First Consul and eventually to Emperor. What three considerations led to Napoleon’s rise to power? The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4: The Age of Napoleon 20 of 30

21. Napoleon Reforms France Napoleon’s government valued order and authority. He made reforms to improve the economy and made peace with the Catholic Church. He also instituted a new code of laws that recognized the equality of all citizens under the law. These laws actually limited liberty by promoting order and authority above individual rights. What were these laws called? What 3 mistakes did Napoleon make? (Next 3 slides) The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4: The Age of Napoleon 21 of 30

22. Mistake # 1: Continental System Napoleon's CS is unsuccessful against Britain: November 1806 • Blockade was not tight enough – it weakened British trade but did not end it. • Some allies disregard blockade, even his own brother. • Britain creates own blockade (War of 1812 w/ America) • France’s economy was weakened

23. Mistake # 2: Peninsular War • Napoleon sends troops through Spain to invade Portugal for ignoring the Blockade- 1808 • Inflames Spanish “nationalism” people riot. • Napoleon deposes Spanish king & puts his brother on throne • Napoleon loses 300,000 men in campaign

24. Mistake # 3: Invasion of Russia • Napoleon takes 422,000 troops into Russia (grain dispute) in June, 1812 • Russia created the "Scorched-earth policy” – burning grain fields and slaughtering livestock so as to leave nothing the enemy could eat: N's army is too large & skilled for this to work. • Stay in Moscow 5 weeks (Oct. 35º) • Army finally retreats; 28,000 men left; 10,000 fit to fight (Dec. -35º) Capture of Moscow

25. Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna At the Congress of Vienna, European leaders tried to create a lasting peace by placing strong countries around France and by protecting the system of monarchy. Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain maintained their alliance. Nationalism, however, would come back to haunt Europe soon enough. Who is the person most responsible for accomplishments of the Congress of Vienna? What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna? What was the legacy of the Congress of Vienna? The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4: The Age of Napoleon 25 of 30

26. Klemens von Metternich • Foreign minister of Austria • Aristocrat  against democratic ideals • Most influential 3 Main Goals: 1.) Containment 2.) Balance of Power 3.) Legitimacy 1 2 3

27. Containment • Prevent future French aggression by surrounding it with strong countries • Weaker countries around France made stronger

28. Balance of Power • France gives up territories Napoleon had taken • Result: No European nation is too powerful

29. Legitimacy King James 18th • Restore rulers Napoleon had driven from thrones to stabilize political relations • France becomes constitutional monarchy Constitution

30. Power of France decreases and Britain & Prussia increases Nationalism & democratic ideas grow Lays foundation for future revolutions Congress of Vienna Long-Term Legacy