The Roman Republic 509-44BCE

1. The Roman Republic509-44BCE Mr. Ott - APWH @ BETA Aim: What Political, Social, and Economic reasons caused the start of the Roman Republic? Senātus PopulusqueRōmānus The Senate and the People of Rome

2. Before the Republic (753-510BCE) Monarchy - 7 Kings of Rome • Romulus (753-717) • Numa Pompilius (715-673) • Tullus Hostilius (673-642) • Ancus Marcius (640-616) • Lucius Tarquinius Priscus(616-579) • Servius Tullius (578-535) • Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (535-509) April 21 753 BCE

3. Roman Republic (509-44BCE) • Political System • Consuls • Senate (patricians) • Tribunes (plebeians) • Military expansion • Assimilated conquered peoples • Twelve Tables • Created a standardized system of laws • Established rights for defendants

4. Carthage Dispute over control of Sicily and trade routes in the western Mediterranean brought Rome into conflict with the powerful North African city-state of Carthage Carthage had been founded as Phoenician colony 500 years earlier Result was the three Punic Wars 264-146 BC

5. FIRST PUNIC WAR • Primarily a naval war • Tactics: maneuver ship to ram and sink enemy • Carthage: very good, experienced naval power • Rome: small navy, little experience • Defeated repeatedly by Carthaginian navy

6. ROME WINS THE FIRST ONE • Rome would not surrender • Finally turned tables on Carthage by changing rules of naval warfare • Equipped ships with huge hooks and • Stationed soldiers on ships • Would hook enemy ship, pull nearby, board it with soldiers • Converted naval warfare into mini-land battles • Something Rome was very good at • Won First Punic War as a result

7. SECOND PUNIC WAR "Hannibal ad portas" (“Hannibal is at the Gates!”) • Carthagian general Hannibal surprises Romans, • leads army from Spain, through southern France and the Alps, • invades Italy from the north • Defeats Roman armies sent to stop him several times but hesitates to attack Rome itself • Too well fortified • Settles instead on war of attrition in hope of destroying Roman economic base

8. ROME WINS • Unable to defeat Hannibal in Italy, a Roman army sailed across the Mediterranean, landed in North Africa, and headed for Carthage • Led by patrician general Scipio AemiliusAfricanus • Hannibal forced to leave Italy to protect Carthage • Defeated at the Battle of Zama, fought outside the walls of Carthage Hannibal

9. Hannibal-the-Conqueror "I swear that so soon as age will permit . . . I will use fire and steel to arrest the destiny of Rome." ~~Childhood Hannibal Quote Born c.247 - Died 183BC

13. Hannibal Barca (247-183 BC) *Carthaginian general *Brilliant strategist *Developed tactics of outflanking and surrounding the enemy with the combined forces of infantry and cavalry As a boy of 9, begged his father, HamilcarBarca, to take him on the campaign in Spain Hamilcar, made him solemnly swear eternal hatred of Rome. • Livy’s portrait of Hannibal's physique and character at this time: • “…to the old soldiers he seemed a Hamilcar reborn, as he possessed the lively expression and penetrating eyes of his father; the younger men were won over by his bravery, endurance, simplicity of life, and willingness to share all hardships with his troops.”

14. Alps • Hannibal conceived of an invasion of Italy from the north • Wanted them crushed on own turf—counted on disaffected allies • Crossed the Iberus-bloody battles with Spanish tribes • Marched with about 40,000 men across the Pyrenees • In Gaul, quick progress to Rhone River • Transported army & war elephants across the river

15. 15 days marched through rugged mountain passes • Enormous army • Diverse origin and language • 38 war elephants • enemy attacks • landslides • early autumn snow • Heroic feat • Captured the imagination of historians and poets alike

16. Africa • Back in Carthage after 16 years of victorious warfare • Hannibal defeated by Scipio Africanus • Battle of Zama • Ironically, Hannibal victim of his own strategy: • Scipio outflanked & surrounded Carthaginians • Aid of King Masinissa'sNumidian cavalry • Hannibal escaped with a few horsemen • Rushed to Carthage • Counseled peace • Treaty in 201

17. Hannibal poisoned himself when threatened with being prisoner • He did so in Libyssa, close to today's Istanbul in Turkey. • Ruins of grave site near Diliskelesi, South of Gebze, 60km East of Istanbul “Let us release the Romans from their long anxiety, since they think it too long to wait for the death of an old man.”

18. THIRD PUNIC WAR • Carthage finished after Second Punic War • Hannibal committed suicide • Economy shattered • Lost all territory to Rome • But some Romans feared it might revive someday and challenge Rome again • Notably Cato the Elder • Pushed for another war that would wipe Carthage off the face of the map Cato the Elder

19. ROME WINS A THIRD TIME • Due to Cato’s persistent efforts, Rome declares war against defenseless Carthage • Wins easily • Entire population of city sold into slavery • Everything of value carried back to Rome • Everything else burned and dumped into the sea • Site sown with salt so that nothing would ever grow there again • Carthage completely disappeared

20. Took over Greece, Macedonia, some of Asia Minor, Syria, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean islands by 133 BC Rome drawn into the affairs of the successor kingdoms Rome eventually became weary of playing this endless refereeing role and realized that the continued independence of the successor kingdoms threaten Roman interests Rome always responded in the belief that achieving a balance of power in the east was better than having one successor kingdom become too powerful and challenge Rome Successor kingdom increasingly called on Roman aid in their incessant wars against each other

21. Expansion of Roman Republic

22. End of Republic • Growing tensions between rich & poor • Latifundias • Large plantations in conquered lands controlled by aristocrats • Julius Caesar • Dictator for life in 44 BCE • Reforms • Sought to relieve tension between the classes • Executed by aristocratic conspirators