CANKAYA UNIVERSITY OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES -ENGLISH UNIT-

1. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES-ENGLISH UNIT- ENG-205 PSYCHOLOGY ACADEMIC ENCOUNTERS HUMAN BEHAVIOUR

2. READING – WRITING COURSE BOOKUNIT 1 MIND, BODY AND HEALTH CHAPTER 2: Preventing Illness

3. READING KEY WORDS

4. Relatively (adv):in a relative manner; by comparison to something else; to some extend Word Formation : Relative (adj) - Relation (n) Synonyms : Comparatively (adv) Proportionately (adv) e.g. The situation is relatively calm now as compared to the past. e.g. He was relatively succesful in the course.

5. Dramatically (adv):in a dramatic manner; in a very impressive manner Word Formation : Dramatic (adj) Synonym:Impressively (adv) e.g. You are acting very well on the stage. Your performance will improve dramatically. e.g. Inflation is dramatically increasing in the country. This may cause an economic crisis.

6. Promote (v):to urge the adoption of something; to raise to an important situation Word Formation: Promotion (n) Synonyms:develop (v) – encourage (v) – contribute (v) Antonyms: oppose (v) – degrade (v) – decrease (v) e.g. Most of the students promoted the use of computers in the classroom . e.g. She was promoted by the CEO due to her hard and conscientious work.

7. Tissue (n):A group of cells, usually a particular kind that function together and form a structural material in an organism; group of similar cells that work together to do one job e.g. Tissues are made of many similar cells and serve as the structure of plants and animals . e.g. She had a serious heart attack because of the death of a region of her heart mussle tissue. She is now in hospital.

8. Breed (v):To make sure that one's young grow up to adulthood; To keep animals and have them reproduce in a way that improves the next generation’s qualities Word Formation : breed (n) = race (n) Synonym:reproduce (v)- bring up (phr. v) – raise (v) e.g. My brother is breeding a cow in the farm.

9. Plaque (n):hardened deposits that form on the inner walls of blood vessels; any flat, thin piece of metal hung upon a wall. e.g. A fatty substance called plaque in the walls of coronary arteries may cause a serious heart attack. e.g. She will go to her family dentist to get her plaque in her teeth cleaned.

10. Predisposition (n):the state of being predisposed or susceptible to something, especially to a disease or other health problem Word Formation : Synonyms: partiality (n) – potentiality (n) – likelihood (n) – inclination (n) – tendency (n) Antonyms: Disinclination (n) – Unwillingness (n) e.g. If you have a disposition to behave in a particular way, you tend to behave like that because of the kind of person that you are or the attitudes that you have. e.g. My brother has a predisposition to blood diseases.

11. Hard-driving (adj. adj):A character trait used for people who are aggressive, competitive and try to do more and more in less and less time. - also known as coronary-prone behavior pattern Synonyms: achievement-oriented (adj. phr) – competitive (adj) – aggressive (n) e.g. There are two type of people with regard to personality traits: Type A and Type B. Type A people are hard-driving. e.g. Workaholic people are usually hard-driving.

12. Expose (v):to lay open to attack; to be subjected to something Word Formation : Exposition (n) Synonym:Reveal (v) Antonyms: conceal (v) – hide (v) – cove (v) e.g. People should not expose themselves to stressful situations. e.g. Exposition to sunlight for a long time can be dangerous for health.

13. Rate (v):to assign or be assigned a particular rank or level Word Formation : rate (n) Synonyms: to evaluate (v) – to estimate (v) e.g.She is rated fourth in the beauty contest of the country. e.g. Patients who participated in the survey were rated by their ages.

14. Reactivity (n):the rate at which a chemical substance tends to undergo a chemical reaction; tendency to participate in chemical reactions; responsiveness to stimulation Word Formation : reactivate (v) Synonyms: tendency (n) e.g.Reactivity of her symptoms revealed that she has tendency to chemical reactions.

15. Intense (adj):used to describe something that is very great or extreme in strength or degree Word Formation : intensity (n) Synonyms: extreme (adj) – strong (adj) excessive (adj) – energetic (adj) – exaggerated (adj) – immoderate (adj) Antomyms: calm (adj) – mild (adj) – moderate (adj) e.g. Her psychological reactions to criticism was so intense that it was difficult for me to communicate with her.

16. Conclusively (adv):in a conclusive manner; in a final matter Word Formation : conclusive (adj) – conclusion (n) – conclude (v) Synonyms: finally (adv) e.g.We settled the problem conclusively. e.g. My brother completed his term project conclusively.

17. Mounting (adj):describes something that continues to mount; steadily accumulating Word Formation : mount (v) - mounting evidence (adj. phr.) Synonyms: attached (adj) – increased (adj) e.g.She talked to her father about her mounting debts.

18. Majority (n):the greater number; more than half Synonym: superiority (n) Antonym: minority (n) e.g. Majority of the doctors agreed on the seriousness of her illness. e.g. The majority agreed that the new proposal was the best.

19. Adolescence (n):a transitional stage of human development that occurs between childhood and adulthood; Developmental transition between childhood and adulthood entailing major physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes Word Formation : adolescence period (n. phr.) – adolescent (n) Synonyms: boyhood (n) – girlhood (n) – youthfullness ( n) e.g.During adolescence, the body and mind go through many complex changes, some of which are difficult to deal with. e.g.Teenagers (ages 13-19) are usually adolescent

20. Nutritious (adj):providing nutrients; healthy to eat Word Formation : nutritiousfood (adj. phr.) – nutritiously (adv) Synonyms: nourishing (adj) – balanced (adj) – beneficial (adj) – good (adj) – healthful (adj) – wholesome (adj) Antonyms: bad (adj) – unhealthful (adj) – unhealthy (adj) – unwholesome (adj) e.g. Fruitsandvegetablesarenutritiousfoods. e.g. It is importanttochoosenutritiousfoodtostayhealthy.

21. Intoxicated (adj):stupefied or excited by a chemical substance (especially alcohol); Word Formation : Synonyms: drunk (adj) – poisoned (adj) Antonyms: sober (adj) e.g. He appeared intoxicated, police said . e.g. Yesterday, there was a noisy crowd of intoxicated patients in the hospital.

22. Self-fulfilment (n):the state of self-satisfaction Word Formation : self-fulfilling (adj) Synonyms: self-satisfaction e.g. Self-fulfilment at work is very important for employees to work efficiently. e.g. Fear of failure might affect one’s self-fulfilment

23. Antidote (n):something that counteracts or prevents something harmful; a remedy to counteract the effects of poison Synonyms: counterpoison (n) e.g. She reached the hospital in time to receive the antidote for the snake venom. e.g. Antidotes are used in the field of medicine for many illnesses by the scientists and physicians.

24. Distinguish (v):to recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or different from; to note differences between; to make distinction Word Formation : Synonyms: identify (v) - diagnose (v) – differentiate (v) – figure out (v) – determine (v) – categorize (v) e.g. Since there are five types of schizophrene -a mental disease- her psychiatrist will distinguish the appropriate type of her disease through some tests.

25. Handicap (n):the disadvantage itself, in particular physical or mental disadvantages of people Word Formation : handicapped (adj) – handicap (v) Synonyms: barrier, (n) – block (n) – burden (n) – disability (n) – hindrance (n) – impairment (n) – limitation (n) – obstacle (n) Antonyms: advantage (n) – benefit (n) – assist (n) e.g. Since thecandidate had a physicalhandicap, sheenteredtheexam in a separateroom. e.g. Most of thecompaniesgivejobstohandicappedpeople.

26. Strive (for) (v):to do one’s best; to do one’s utmost; to try to achieve a result; to make strenuous effort Synonyms: fight (v) – try (v) - Antonyms: forget (v) – skip (v) – give up (phr. v.) e.g. Today, most of the companies strive for making their customers happy. e.g. People shoud strive for becoming successful persistently even if they face unexpected problems.

27. Mystical (adj):having a spiritual significance that transcends human understanding; involves spiritual powers and influences that most people do not understand. Word Formation : mystically (adv) Synonyms: mysterious (adj) – secret (adj) – enigmatic (adj) – criyptic (adj) e.g. Last year, I went to Egypt and visited the Pyramids. That was clearly a deep mystical experience.

28. Settle into (phr. v):to place into Synonyms: install (v) e.g. The doctors settled a thin iron into his leg after the accident. He is now much better. e.g. The officers working in the hospital settle into many chairs in the conference hall for people to watch the conference comfortably.

29. Alter (v):to change the form or structure of something Word Formation : alteration (n) Synonyms: change (v) – adjust (v) – amend (v) – convert (v) – adapt (v) Antonyms: continue (v) – fix (v) – keep (v) – maintain (v) – preserve (v) – remain (v) e.g. After the recent tests, the doctor altered the way of his treatment. e.g. Since the company was established, they have never altered the day of their meeting.

30. Favourably (adv):In a favourable manner; in a well-disposed and pleasant manner Word Formation : favour (n) – favourable (adj) Synonyms: conveniently (adv) – suitably (adv) – appropriately (adv) – approvingly (adv) e.g. She looked favourably on people who gave freely their assistance. e.g. The doctor reviewed her file favourably.

31. Adherence (n):The degree to which an individual follows a recommended health-related or illness-related recommendation Word Formation : adhere (to) (v) Synonyms: attachment (n) – commitment (n) e.g. His adherence to alcoholic drink cause some problems in his liver. e.g. She demonstrates a strict adherence to the rules at school.

32. Incorporate (v):to include something as a part (v); to mix something as an ingedient Word Formation : incorporation (n) – incorporated (adj) Synonyms: integrate (v) – associate (v) – cover (v) – join (v) Antonyms: divide (v) – exclude (v) – seperate (v) e.g. The hospital was incorporated in 1980. e.g. She incorporates two different vitamins every day upon the recommendation of her doctor.

33. Aversive (adj):tending to repel or dissuade; tending to avoid or causing avoidance of a reinforcing or punishing stimulus Word Formation : Aversive conditioning (adj. phr.): avoidance that can be taught through the use of stimulus that either punishes or reinforces e.g. The vet used aversive conditioning technique to stop the unwanted behaviour of my dog. It really worked, I guess.

34. Invigorating (adj):giving strength, energy and vitality; making you feel more lively Word Formation : invigorate (v) Synonyms: interesting (adj) – lively (adj) – refreshing (adj) – rejuvenating (adj) – fresh (adj) - aesthetic (adj) – energizing (adj) – strenghtening (adj) Antonyms:boring (adj) – depressing (adj) – unstimulating (adj) e.g. Whileswimming, the cold water invigorated me. So, I feltbetter. e.g.Thecoffeethat I drankinvigoratedmewhilestudying at night.

35. Consistently (adv):in a systematic or consistent manner Word Formation : consistent (adj) Synonyms: always (adv) – constantly (adv) – regularly (adv) e.g. The Prime Minister acted consistently about the political issues. e.g. People should go to the hospital consistently for check-up.

36. Get hooked (v):to become addicted to something Word Formation : hooked (adj) Synonyms: become addicted (v) e.g. People can easily get hooked to all kinds of substances, such as cigarettes, medications and alcoholic products. e.g. Getting hooked to smoking may cause serious health problems. e.g.If you get hooked on a drug, that means you are addicted to it. You should immediately visit a doctor.

37. Quitter (n):a person who gives up something Word Formation : quit (v) e.g. My father is a quitter of smoking. He gave up smoking last year. e.g. Sheila is a quitter of alcohol. She is not taking alcohol anymore due to her health problems.

38. Vigorous (adj):physically or mentally strong and active Word Formation : Synonyms: hard-driving (adj) – strong (adj) – healthy (adj) – hardy (adj) Antonyms: idle (adj) – impotent (adj) – inactive (adj) – weak (adj) e.g. When the police asked him a question, he shook his head vigorously. e.g. Avigorous old man spent half of his day by doing gymnastics.

39. Sedentary (adj):Not moving; relatively still; tending to stay in one place; not very physically active Synonyms: settled (adj) - desk-bound (adj) – inactive (adj) – seated (adj) Antonyms: active (adj) – activated (adj) – energetic (adj) – mobile (adj) – moving (adj) e.g. Working in a bank is a sedentary job. e.g. People who work in sedentary jobs should move from time to time during the day.

40. Periodically (adv):from time to time; in a repeating manner; in a seasonal manner; in a periodical manner Word Formation : periodical (adj) Synonyms: cyclically (adv) – recurrently (adv) e.g. People should go to doctor periodically for check-up. e.g. You should go to dentist to get your teeth checked.

41. Achievement-oriented (noun phr.):directed towards success Word Formation: achieve (v) – achievement (n) e.g. People who are achievement-oriented never give up when they encounter any problem. e.g. Achievement-oriented people are hardy, competitive and hardworking

42. Fad (n):A phenomenon that becomes popular for a very short time Word Formation : Synonyms: fashion (n) – trend (n) e.g. Most teenagers are interested in fads. e.g. He always follows the latest fads.

43. Preparing to Read: Personalizing the topic (p.24) A (2) B (6) C (3) D (1) E (4) F (5)

44. After You Read: Test-takingAnswering true/false questions about a text(p.28) Task 1: • F • T • T • T • F • F • F • T • F • T

45. Preparing to Read: Thinking about the topic (p.30) Skimming for main ideas: A (3) B (6) C(1) D (5) E (4) F (2)

46. After You Read: Analyzing paragraph organization (p.34) Task 1: Paragraph 2: b 1: psychological addiction c 2: psychological addcition Paragraph 3: Smoking cessation programs a 1: aversive conditioning Paragraph 5: b 2: role-play resisting offers

47. After You Read: Awareness of levels of formality (p.35) Task 4: • Quit • To get hooked • The weed • Quitters • Knack

48. After You Read (p.40) Task 1: Reading for detail • A • B • C • A • B • B • C • C • A • C

49. Preparing to Read: Personalizing the topic (p.24) A (2) B (6) C (3) D (1) E (4) F (5)