Energy and the Cell

1. Energy and the Cell

2. Matter and Energy • How they interact with each other and the environment • How they move through the environment • Systems • Basic Structure and how to apply to biological concepts • Structure & Function • How does the structure aid in the function? • Change Over Time • Behavior & Interactions To understand Science you have to understand a few key themes

3. Formulas Must Be Memorized!!!!! Photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O + Energy  C6H12O6 + O2 Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + Energy Matter and Energy you need to know for this unit

4. Place where chemical reactions occur Systems Basic Structures All Systems must have boundaries • Question: • What is the boundary for the Animal Cell?

5. Maybe a chain of reactions Systems Basic Structures 2. All systems have sub systems • Question: • What are the sub systems for the Animal Cell?

6. What goes in? (Often called reactants) Systems Basic Structures 3. All systems (including subsystems) have inputs Inputs • Question: • What are the inputs for the Animal Cell?

7. What goes out? (Often called products) Systems Basic Structures 4. All systems (including subsystems) have outputs Inputs Outputs • Question: • What are the outputs for the Animal Cell?

8. What converts the Outputs back into Inputs? (Recycling) Systems Basic Structures 5. All systems have Feedback loops Inputs Outputs • Question: • What is the feedback loops for the Animal Cell? Feedback Loops

9. Obtaining Energy In the Environment

11. Energy flows through the environment Matter v. Energy Chemical E

12. Hetero - = “different” Auto- = “self” -troph = “nourish” A heterotroph relies on ______ to obtain nourishment. A autotroph relies on ______ to obtain nourishment. Heterotroph v. Autotroph

13. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • Draw pictures and label all materials. • Write TELL-Con to explain how the Chloroplast is a system (subsystems can be left out at this time.) • Write TELL-Con to explain how the Mitochondria is a system (subsystems can be left out at this time.)

14. ATP – Pockets of Energy to trigger cellular reactions. (Like a battery!) ATP = full battery ADP = ½ empty battery When ATP is used, energy is release and the output is ADP + P The Energy Storing Compound

15. How does plants function to capture Materials to make food?

16. Where: Found in Plant Cells and some bacteria Structure: Occurs in Chloroplast Function: Absorb Sunlight & Convert to Chemical Energy (glucose) Chemical Formula: CO2 + H2O + Energy  C6H12O6 + O2 Photosynthesis Memorize

17. Plants, algae and some bacteria capture about 1% of the energy in the sunlight that reaches Earth and convert it to chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. Using the Energy of Sunlight

18. Connecting macrosystems to microsystems

19. Coloring Packet p. 14

20. Xylem – vascular tissue that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. Phloem vascular tissue that moves organic compounds from the leaves to the rest of the plants. Vascular Tissues

21. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells. 6CO2 +6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis

22. Photosynthesis Song

23. Inputs: Water – Carbon dioxide -- Outputs: Majority of Glucose -- Oxygen -- Moving Materials in and out of the Plant Cell Membrane

24. Factors That Affect Photosynthesis

25. Light Intensity • The rate of photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases until the maximum rate of photosynthesis is reached. The rate then stays level regardless of further increases in light intensity. • Temperature • As temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases to a maximum and then decreases with further rises in temperature. Factors That Affect Photosynthesis

26. 3. Carbon Dioxide Levels • As with increasing light intensity, increasing levels of carbon dioxide also stimulate photosynthesis until the rate levels off. Factors That Affect Photosynthesis –cont.

27. Stoma - A pore that permits plants to exchange O2 and CO2. Guard Cell – two cells that surround the stoma. Open to allow the release of O2 and CO2 Stoma and Guard Cells

28. Movement of water from the roots to the leaves, through the xylem, with the assistance of cohesion and evaporation. Transpiration

29. Movement of carbohydrates from the leaf (where photosynthesis made the carbohydrates) to the rest of the plant through the phloem. Translocation

30. Trace the Materials in and out of the plant…6CO2 +6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

31. Must Know the Structure of the Choloroplast

32. The choloplast as a system Stage 1Energy is captured from sunlight. Stage 2Light energy converts to chemical energy through the splitting of water (H2O), which is temporarily stored in ATP and the energy carrier molecule NADPH. O2 is an output. Stage 3The chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of organic compounds, using carbon dioxide. (The Calvin or carbon fixation cycle)

33. CO2 + H2O + Energy  C6H12O6 + O2 Must Know the formula for Photosynthesis Reactants (Inputs) Products (Outputs) Energy Tower!

34. Must Know how the formula relates to the Chloroplast

35. Inputs Outputs Feedback Loops • Question: • How is the chloroplast a system?

39. 1. For each of the two main stages of photosynthesis, identify the inputs. Inputs of the light reactions are light and water, and ADP, P, and NADP+ from the Calvin cycle. Inputs of the Calvin cycle are CO2, and ATP and NADPH from the light reactions.

40. 2. Identify the outputs for each stage, and tell how each is used. Outputs of the light reactions are oxygen, which is released to the atmosphere, and ATP and NADPH, which go into the Calvin cycle. Outputs of the Calvin cycle are ADP, P, and NADP+, which go into the light reactions, and sugar, which is used by the plant.

41. Photosythesis

42. The End